SAVAGE Ch3 Epidemiology and Nursing
Practice Final Exam Study Guide 2026/2027
⭐ Accurate Questions with Correct Detailed Solutions |
Newest Updated Version | High Pass Success
Prepare with confidence using this comprehensive Final Exam Study Guide 2026/2027,
designed to help students review important concepts, strengthen understanding, and improve
overall exam performance.
This resource includes accurate exam-style questions with correct detailed solutions,
carefully structured to reflect commonly tested topics and current exam standards. Each solution
is clearly explained to help students understand the reasoning behind every answer, reinforce
learning, and improve problem-solving skills.
Whether you are preparing weeks in advance or doing last-minute revision, this guide provides a
simple, organized, and exam-focused approach to studying smarter and achieving better
results.
🔥 Key Highlights
✔ Accurate exam questions covering essential topics
✔ Correct detailed solutions with clear explanations
✔ Focused review of commonly tested concepts
✔ Newest updated version (2026/2027)
✔ Easy-to-follow format for quick and effective revision
🚀 Why This Study Guide Is Effective
• Helps strengthen understanding of key concepts
• Supports fast and efficient revision
• Improves confidence before exams
• Enhances problem-solving and test-taking skills
• Provides realistic exam-style practice
,🎯 Ideal For
• Final exam preparation
• Midterm and course revision
• Practicing exam-style questions
• Last-minute study sessions
• Improving overall academic performance
📚 A trusted and practical study resource designed to help students prepare effectively,
build confidence, and achieve exam success.
John Snow, considered the founder of epidemiology, realized the source of the
London's
cholera epidemic through:
A. A residential pattern of death
B. Mapping of the food supply
C. Interviewing the families of the sick
D. Performing autopsies - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: A. Residential patter of death
Snow developed a frequency distribution of the number of human deaths by placing
hash marks on a city street map and realized a cluster of deaths occurred near the
Broad Street water pump
The history and development of epidemiology has gone through several developmental
phases. The public health nursing student learns that these phases came about in
history in what order?
A. Risk factor phase, infectious disease phase, and sanitary phase
B. Infectious disease phase, risk factor phase, and sanitary phase
C. Sanitary phase, infectious disease phase, and risk factor phase
D. Agent phase, host phase, and environment phase - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: C.
Sanitary phase, infectious disease phase, and risk factor phase
The first phase, the sanitary phase, was due to the theory that sanitation needed to be
improved to aid health. During the next phase, the infectious disease phase, germ
theory was developed and antibiotics came into production. The third phase, the risk
factor phase, turned to reducing risk for disease and prevention.
A public health nurse (PHN) is asked by the hospital administration to find out why there
are so many pediatric asthma patients coming to the ER for treatment and to develop a
plan to reduce admissions
,by 10%. The nurse needs to untangle the multiple risk factors involved in order to
determine what type of
intervention should be developed, so he or she uses:
A. Descriptive data analysis
B. The ecological model
C. Demography
D. The web of causation - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: D. The web of causation
The web of causation is a framework that demonstrates the complexity of the multiple
factors of illness, injury, and disease, which are determined by multiple causes.
If a nurse takes the number of new cases of a disease or illness among the contacts of
initial
(primary) cases and divides it by the number of people in the population at risk, he or
she is calculating the:
A. Prevalence
B. Incidence
C. Secondary attack rate
D. Attack rate - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: C. Secondary attack rate
Secondary attack rate is calculated this way. It is essentially the number of contacts of
the initially ill who are now ill.
A public health official reports that the weekly influenza rate for a city in Oregon is
12.5%. This rate does not take into account smoking status, so it is a(n):
A. Independent rate
B. Mortality rate
C. Dependent rate
D. Morbidity rate - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: A. Independent rate
An independent rate is a statistical rate that is considered apart from other statistics.
Mortality refers to the number of deaths within a given population. A dependent rate is a
statistical rate that is considered with other statistics. Morbidity refers to the number or
proportion of individuals experiencing a similar disability, illness, or disease.
When comparing the body mass index (BMI) of obese women in two cities, it would be
an erroneous assumption for the nurse to think that, based on these averages, since the
average BMI of City A
was higher than that of City B, a woman in City A will have a higher BMI than a woman
in City B. This assumption is referred to as:
A. An odds ratio
B. An ecological fallacy
C. A causality
D. Relative risk - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: B. A ecological fallacy
Ecological fallacy is the erroneous assumption that one can draw conclusions for
individuals based on group findings, which occurs when the researcher draws
conclusions at the individual level based solely on the observations made at the group
level.
, A nurse conducts a survey within several months to determine which children in a
certain school have parents that smoke in order to study their risk for asthma. This type
of study is called a(n):
A. Case-control study
B. Cross-sectional study
C. Cohort study
D. Outbreak investigation - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: B. Cross-sectional study
The case-control study design allows the epidemiologist to compare the rate of disease
in those exposed to a risk factor to the rate in those who were not exposed to a risk
factor. A cross-sectional study examines risk factors and disease using data collected at
the same point in time. Cohort studies are studies that follow a specific population,
subset of the population, or group of people over a specified period of time.
A control or "no disease" group is needed for study of oral cancer. The nurses
conducting the study decide to use a group of patients with skin cancer because these
patients are at the same facility, and
the likelihood of developing oral cancer with skin cancer is low. However, this variable
could still cause the disease being studied, as well as potential limitations in the study.
This variable would be called a(n):
A. Confounder
B. Right censoring
C. Case-control
D. Odds ratio - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: A. Confounder
Confounders are variables that could make it difficult to establish a clear causal link
unless adjustments are made for their effects. Right censoring is subject attrition or
discontinued participation in a study. The case-control study design allows the
epidemiologist to compare the rate of disease in those exposed to a risk factor to the
rate in those who were not exposed to a risk factor. The odds ratio is defined as the
odds of someone among the exposed having a disease or condition compared with the
odds of someone among those who were not exposed having the disease or condition.
An epidemiologist uses the epidemiological triangle to explain the occurrence of disease
by looking at the three main components of the model: the host, the environment, and
the agent. The PHN
understands that the agent could be one of many types except:
A. Biological and chemical
B. Nutritive
C. Physical
D. Ecological - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: D. Ecological
The public health nursing student is studying outbreak investigations and disease
trends. The student learns that the disease that has seen an increase in the last 30
years after a decline in the 1970s is:
A. West Nile virus
B. H1N1 virus
C. Influenza
Practice Final Exam Study Guide 2026/2027
⭐ Accurate Questions with Correct Detailed Solutions |
Newest Updated Version | High Pass Success
Prepare with confidence using this comprehensive Final Exam Study Guide 2026/2027,
designed to help students review important concepts, strengthen understanding, and improve
overall exam performance.
This resource includes accurate exam-style questions with correct detailed solutions,
carefully structured to reflect commonly tested topics and current exam standards. Each solution
is clearly explained to help students understand the reasoning behind every answer, reinforce
learning, and improve problem-solving skills.
Whether you are preparing weeks in advance or doing last-minute revision, this guide provides a
simple, organized, and exam-focused approach to studying smarter and achieving better
results.
🔥 Key Highlights
✔ Accurate exam questions covering essential topics
✔ Correct detailed solutions with clear explanations
✔ Focused review of commonly tested concepts
✔ Newest updated version (2026/2027)
✔ Easy-to-follow format for quick and effective revision
🚀 Why This Study Guide Is Effective
• Helps strengthen understanding of key concepts
• Supports fast and efficient revision
• Improves confidence before exams
• Enhances problem-solving and test-taking skills
• Provides realistic exam-style practice
,🎯 Ideal For
• Final exam preparation
• Midterm and course revision
• Practicing exam-style questions
• Last-minute study sessions
• Improving overall academic performance
📚 A trusted and practical study resource designed to help students prepare effectively,
build confidence, and achieve exam success.
John Snow, considered the founder of epidemiology, realized the source of the
London's
cholera epidemic through:
A. A residential pattern of death
B. Mapping of the food supply
C. Interviewing the families of the sick
D. Performing autopsies - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: A. Residential patter of death
Snow developed a frequency distribution of the number of human deaths by placing
hash marks on a city street map and realized a cluster of deaths occurred near the
Broad Street water pump
The history and development of epidemiology has gone through several developmental
phases. The public health nursing student learns that these phases came about in
history in what order?
A. Risk factor phase, infectious disease phase, and sanitary phase
B. Infectious disease phase, risk factor phase, and sanitary phase
C. Sanitary phase, infectious disease phase, and risk factor phase
D. Agent phase, host phase, and environment phase - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: C.
Sanitary phase, infectious disease phase, and risk factor phase
The first phase, the sanitary phase, was due to the theory that sanitation needed to be
improved to aid health. During the next phase, the infectious disease phase, germ
theory was developed and antibiotics came into production. The third phase, the risk
factor phase, turned to reducing risk for disease and prevention.
A public health nurse (PHN) is asked by the hospital administration to find out why there
are so many pediatric asthma patients coming to the ER for treatment and to develop a
plan to reduce admissions
,by 10%. The nurse needs to untangle the multiple risk factors involved in order to
determine what type of
intervention should be developed, so he or she uses:
A. Descriptive data analysis
B. The ecological model
C. Demography
D. The web of causation - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: D. The web of causation
The web of causation is a framework that demonstrates the complexity of the multiple
factors of illness, injury, and disease, which are determined by multiple causes.
If a nurse takes the number of new cases of a disease or illness among the contacts of
initial
(primary) cases and divides it by the number of people in the population at risk, he or
she is calculating the:
A. Prevalence
B. Incidence
C. Secondary attack rate
D. Attack rate - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: C. Secondary attack rate
Secondary attack rate is calculated this way. It is essentially the number of contacts of
the initially ill who are now ill.
A public health official reports that the weekly influenza rate for a city in Oregon is
12.5%. This rate does not take into account smoking status, so it is a(n):
A. Independent rate
B. Mortality rate
C. Dependent rate
D. Morbidity rate - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: A. Independent rate
An independent rate is a statistical rate that is considered apart from other statistics.
Mortality refers to the number of deaths within a given population. A dependent rate is a
statistical rate that is considered with other statistics. Morbidity refers to the number or
proportion of individuals experiencing a similar disability, illness, or disease.
When comparing the body mass index (BMI) of obese women in two cities, it would be
an erroneous assumption for the nurse to think that, based on these averages, since the
average BMI of City A
was higher than that of City B, a woman in City A will have a higher BMI than a woman
in City B. This assumption is referred to as:
A. An odds ratio
B. An ecological fallacy
C. A causality
D. Relative risk - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: B. A ecological fallacy
Ecological fallacy is the erroneous assumption that one can draw conclusions for
individuals based on group findings, which occurs when the researcher draws
conclusions at the individual level based solely on the observations made at the group
level.
, A nurse conducts a survey within several months to determine which children in a
certain school have parents that smoke in order to study their risk for asthma. This type
of study is called a(n):
A. Case-control study
B. Cross-sectional study
C. Cohort study
D. Outbreak investigation - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: B. Cross-sectional study
The case-control study design allows the epidemiologist to compare the rate of disease
in those exposed to a risk factor to the rate in those who were not exposed to a risk
factor. A cross-sectional study examines risk factors and disease using data collected at
the same point in time. Cohort studies are studies that follow a specific population,
subset of the population, or group of people over a specified period of time.
A control or "no disease" group is needed for study of oral cancer. The nurses
conducting the study decide to use a group of patients with skin cancer because these
patients are at the same facility, and
the likelihood of developing oral cancer with skin cancer is low. However, this variable
could still cause the disease being studied, as well as potential limitations in the study.
This variable would be called a(n):
A. Confounder
B. Right censoring
C. Case-control
D. Odds ratio - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: A. Confounder
Confounders are variables that could make it difficult to establish a clear causal link
unless adjustments are made for their effects. Right censoring is subject attrition or
discontinued participation in a study. The case-control study design allows the
epidemiologist to compare the rate of disease in those exposed to a risk factor to the
rate in those who were not exposed to a risk factor. The odds ratio is defined as the
odds of someone among the exposed having a disease or condition compared with the
odds of someone among those who were not exposed having the disease or condition.
An epidemiologist uses the epidemiological triangle to explain the occurrence of disease
by looking at the three main components of the model: the host, the environment, and
the agent. The PHN
understands that the agent could be one of many types except:
A. Biological and chemical
B. Nutritive
C. Physical
D. Ecological - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅ANS: D. Ecological
The public health nursing student is studying outbreak investigations and disease
trends. The student learns that the disease that has seen an increase in the last 30
years after a decline in the 1970s is:
A. West Nile virus
B. H1N1 virus
C. Influenza
