GUIDE WITH PRACTICE QUESTIONS,
ANSWERS, AND RATIONALES
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Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
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Rationales Included
, Error that results from chance variation. Random Error
The difference between the sample value and the true Chance Variation
value of the population mean. Cannot be eliminated, only
reduced by increasing sample size.
Error that results from problems or flaws in the execution Systematic Error/Bias
of the research design; sometimes called nonsampling
error.
Systematic error that results from an error in the sample Sample Design Error
design or sampling procedures.
The list of population elements or members from which Sampling Frame
units to be sampled are selected.
Error resulting from an inaccurate or incomplete Frame Error
sampling frame.
Error that results from incorrectly defining the population Population Specification Error
or universe from which a sample is chosen.
Error that results from incomplete or improper sample Selection Error
selection procedures or not following appropriate
procedures.
Systematic error that results from a variation between the Measurement Error
information being sought and what is actually obtained
by the measurement process.
rror that results from a discrepancy between the Surrogate Information Error
information needed to solve a problem and that sought
by the researcher.
Error that results from the inter viewer's influencing— Interviewer Error
consciously or unconsciously—the answers of the
respondent.
Error that results from the design of the questionnaire or Measurement Instrument Bias
measurement instrument; also known as questionnaire
bias.
Error that results from the incorrect transfer of Processing Error
information from a survey document to a computer.