KIN 2501 LATEST 2026 EOC EXAMS QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔TITLE IX - ✔✔-"no person... shall, on basis of sex, be excluded from participation in,
be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational
program or activity receiving federal financial aid."
-prior to Title IX: 3.7 mill boys vs. 295000 girls playing sports;
**girls got 1 cent of every dollar spent on HS teams
✔✔IX: 1972 - ✔✔**NCAA argues that athletics be excluded from the law (lose)
✔✔IX: 1975 - ✔✔**Office for Civil Rights (OCR) published legal clarifications after
receiving 10,000 comments, ?s, and complaints
✔✔Bobby and Bill Jeans tennis match was called what? - ✔✔Battle of the Sexes
✔✔IX: 1978 - ✔✔**colleges required to be in full compliance (they are not)
✔✔IX: 1979 - ✔✔**OCR est. 3 legal tests to assess compliance
*-did not eliminate resistance to Title IX but it gave women a legal basis for filing
lawsuits
✔✔IX: 1984 - ✔✔**-opponents of Title IX lobbied Pres. Reagan to overturn the law
**-"Grove City College vs. Bell"
--** (ruled that Title IX applied to only programs that directly received money from the
federal gov't)
✔✔IX: 1984-87 - ✔✔**Title IX was not enforced
✔✔IX: 1987 - ✔✔**Congress passed the "Civil Rights Restoration Act"-declared that
sports programs were a part of the overall educational programs at schools
✔✔IX: 1992 - ✔✔**"Franklin vs. Gwinnet County Public Schools"
--plaintiffs awarded punitive damages for failure of schools to comply
✔✔IX: 1997 - ✔✔**"Cowen vs. Brown Univ."
--schools must provide athletic positions that match the male/female proportion of the
student body
✔✔IX: 2005 - ✔✔**coach has the right to sue school after being fired for reporting Title
IX violations-protects "whistle-blowers" who identify inequities
, ✔✔3-pronged tests of Title IX: - ✔✔*1. proportionality test: sport opportunities for male
and female students at the institution are "substantially proportionate" to their respective
full time undergraduate enrollments
*2. accommodation of interest test: institution is "fully and effectively" accommodating
the interests and abilities of the underrepresented sex
*3. history of progress test: institution has a "history and continuing practice of program
expansion" for underrepresented sex
✔✔IX: 1993, Jackson vs. Birmingham BOE - ✔✔Roderick Jackson: HS PE teacher and
girl bball coach; transferred to a new school (Ensley HS) in 1995 by the Birmingham
Board of Education all b/c he voiced his opinion about the unequal treatment of the girl's
bball team
✔✔2000, Pederson vs. LSU - ✔✔**women sue school for unequal opportunities,
refusing to offer them athletic part. opportunities equal to those offered to men (also
sexist comments from athletic director like "sweetie")
-verdict: LSU lost; violated Title IX and discriminated against female students. LSU then
added the 2 teams (fast pitch softball and soccer)
-paid 37,000 to each girl and 1 mill. to 2 law firms
✔✔Gender inequalities still exist...where? - ✔✔*opportunities for participation
*support for athletes
-access to and quality of facilities
-program operating & travel expenses
-provision & maintenance of equip. and supplies
-scheduling of games & prac. times
-# of coaches assigned to each team
-salaries for administrators, coaches, trainers
-provision for medical & training services & facilities
-publicity for individuals, teams, events
*jobs for women in coaching & administration
-underrepresented at high levels of power in sports
✔✔Strategies to achieve equity - ✔✔-confront discriminatory practices & become an
advocate
-insist on fair & open employment practices
-learn and educate others about the history of discrimination in sports & how to
recognize the subtle forms of discrimination
-recruit female athletes into coaching by establishing internships & training programs
-create a supportive work climate & establish policies to eliminate sexual harassment
✔✔Change in sports can be accomplished through a combo of strategies: - ✔✔• Using
new ways to talk about sports
• Eliminate language of difference and domination
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔TITLE IX - ✔✔-"no person... shall, on basis of sex, be excluded from participation in,
be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational
program or activity receiving federal financial aid."
-prior to Title IX: 3.7 mill boys vs. 295000 girls playing sports;
**girls got 1 cent of every dollar spent on HS teams
✔✔IX: 1972 - ✔✔**NCAA argues that athletics be excluded from the law (lose)
✔✔IX: 1975 - ✔✔**Office for Civil Rights (OCR) published legal clarifications after
receiving 10,000 comments, ?s, and complaints
✔✔Bobby and Bill Jeans tennis match was called what? - ✔✔Battle of the Sexes
✔✔IX: 1978 - ✔✔**colleges required to be in full compliance (they are not)
✔✔IX: 1979 - ✔✔**OCR est. 3 legal tests to assess compliance
*-did not eliminate resistance to Title IX but it gave women a legal basis for filing
lawsuits
✔✔IX: 1984 - ✔✔**-opponents of Title IX lobbied Pres. Reagan to overturn the law
**-"Grove City College vs. Bell"
--** (ruled that Title IX applied to only programs that directly received money from the
federal gov't)
✔✔IX: 1984-87 - ✔✔**Title IX was not enforced
✔✔IX: 1987 - ✔✔**Congress passed the "Civil Rights Restoration Act"-declared that
sports programs were a part of the overall educational programs at schools
✔✔IX: 1992 - ✔✔**"Franklin vs. Gwinnet County Public Schools"
--plaintiffs awarded punitive damages for failure of schools to comply
✔✔IX: 1997 - ✔✔**"Cowen vs. Brown Univ."
--schools must provide athletic positions that match the male/female proportion of the
student body
✔✔IX: 2005 - ✔✔**coach has the right to sue school after being fired for reporting Title
IX violations-protects "whistle-blowers" who identify inequities
, ✔✔3-pronged tests of Title IX: - ✔✔*1. proportionality test: sport opportunities for male
and female students at the institution are "substantially proportionate" to their respective
full time undergraduate enrollments
*2. accommodation of interest test: institution is "fully and effectively" accommodating
the interests and abilities of the underrepresented sex
*3. history of progress test: institution has a "history and continuing practice of program
expansion" for underrepresented sex
✔✔IX: 1993, Jackson vs. Birmingham BOE - ✔✔Roderick Jackson: HS PE teacher and
girl bball coach; transferred to a new school (Ensley HS) in 1995 by the Birmingham
Board of Education all b/c he voiced his opinion about the unequal treatment of the girl's
bball team
✔✔2000, Pederson vs. LSU - ✔✔**women sue school for unequal opportunities,
refusing to offer them athletic part. opportunities equal to those offered to men (also
sexist comments from athletic director like "sweetie")
-verdict: LSU lost; violated Title IX and discriminated against female students. LSU then
added the 2 teams (fast pitch softball and soccer)
-paid 37,000 to each girl and 1 mill. to 2 law firms
✔✔Gender inequalities still exist...where? - ✔✔*opportunities for participation
*support for athletes
-access to and quality of facilities
-program operating & travel expenses
-provision & maintenance of equip. and supplies
-scheduling of games & prac. times
-# of coaches assigned to each team
-salaries for administrators, coaches, trainers
-provision for medical & training services & facilities
-publicity for individuals, teams, events
*jobs for women in coaching & administration
-underrepresented at high levels of power in sports
✔✔Strategies to achieve equity - ✔✔-confront discriminatory practices & become an
advocate
-insist on fair & open employment practices
-learn and educate others about the history of discrimination in sports & how to
recognize the subtle forms of discrimination
-recruit female athletes into coaching by establishing internships & training programs
-create a supportive work climate & establish policies to eliminate sexual harassment
✔✔Change in sports can be accomplished through a combo of strategies: - ✔✔• Using
new ways to talk about sports
• Eliminate language of difference and domination
