5/18/26, 7:27 Advanced pathophysiology
AM
Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Questions and Answers 2025/2026 | 155+ Q&A
Complete Nursing Review (MSN/BSN).
physiologic jaundice
A 3-day old infant is noted to have a mildly elevated unconjugated bilirubin level and
icterus. Your concern is that this child may have:
a. physiologic jaundice
b. kernicterus
c. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
d. pathologic jaundice
Lysosomes
Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
injury?
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomesc. smooth
endoplasmi c reticulum
d. golgi complex
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes
Ans: B- peroxisomes
Contain organelles and complex internal membranes
The difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that eukaryotes:
a. all of these answers are correct
b. are smaller in size
c. contain organelles
d. have no nuclear membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
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,5/18/26, 7:27 Advanced pathophysiology
AM
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure
Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
Which of the following is function of Golgi?
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies
Ans: A- apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease
in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the
cell membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell
Ans: C- the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell
membrane
Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which of the following is function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
a. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
b. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
c. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
d. Produces ATP for cell function
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,5/18/26, 7:27 Advanced pathophysiology
AM
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of lean adults
D) the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively
Ans: A- adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
Epigenetic modifications
What genetic process is likely responsible for the occurrence of asthma in only one of a
pair of identical twins?
a. genomic imprinting
b. epigenetic modifications
c. methylation
d. transgenerational inheritance
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
Transcription is best defined as a process by which
a. A base pair substitution results in a mutation of the amino acid sequence
b. DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on RNA.
c. RNA directs the synthesis of ribosomes for protein synthesis
d. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
nondisjunction error
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. paternal translocation
b. paternal viral illness
c. nondisjunction error
d. maternal viral illness
klinefelter
A person with XXXY has the genetic disorder called syndrome.
a. down
b. fragile x
c. klinefelter
d. turner
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, 5/18/26, 7:27 Advanced pathophysiology
AM
autosomal recessive
Cystic fibrosis is caused by an gene.
a. x-linked dominant
b. autosomal recessive
c. autosomal dominant
d. x-linked recessive
What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and
coma in hypernatremia?
A) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood
vessels, causing brain cells to shrink
B) high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain
cells, causing them to swell
C) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which slows
the synapses in the brain
D) high sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by
water, causing the brain cells to swell
Ans: A- high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood
vessels, causing brain cells to shrink
mitochondria
Organelle that contains the code needed for oxidative phosphorylation is:
a. mitochondria
b. lysosomes
c. nucleus
d. vacuoles
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death is an active process of cellular self-destruction. It is also referred to
as
a. apoptosis
b. necrosis
c. metastatic calcification
d. gangrene
Histones
4/42
AM
Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Questions and Answers 2025/2026 | 155+ Q&A
Complete Nursing Review (MSN/BSN).
physiologic jaundice
A 3-day old infant is noted to have a mildly elevated unconjugated bilirubin level and
icterus. Your concern is that this child may have:
a. physiologic jaundice
b. kernicterus
c. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
d. pathologic jaundice
Lysosomes
Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
injury?
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomesc. smooth
endoplasmi c reticulum
d. golgi complex
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes
Ans: B- peroxisomes
Contain organelles and complex internal membranes
The difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that eukaryotes:
a. all of these answers are correct
b. are smaller in size
c. contain organelles
d. have no nuclear membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
1/42
,5/18/26, 7:27 Advanced pathophysiology
AM
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure
Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
Which of the following is function of Golgi?
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies
Ans: A- apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease
in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the
cell membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell
Ans: C- the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell
membrane
Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which of the following is function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
a. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
b. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
c. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
d. Produces ATP for cell function
2/42
,5/18/26, 7:27 Advanced pathophysiology
AM
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of lean adults
D) the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively
Ans: A- adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
Epigenetic modifications
What genetic process is likely responsible for the occurrence of asthma in only one of a
pair of identical twins?
a. genomic imprinting
b. epigenetic modifications
c. methylation
d. transgenerational inheritance
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
Transcription is best defined as a process by which
a. A base pair substitution results in a mutation of the amino acid sequence
b. DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on RNA.
c. RNA directs the synthesis of ribosomes for protein synthesis
d. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
nondisjunction error
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. paternal translocation
b. paternal viral illness
c. nondisjunction error
d. maternal viral illness
klinefelter
A person with XXXY has the genetic disorder called syndrome.
a. down
b. fragile x
c. klinefelter
d. turner
3/42
, 5/18/26, 7:27 Advanced pathophysiology
AM
autosomal recessive
Cystic fibrosis is caused by an gene.
a. x-linked dominant
b. autosomal recessive
c. autosomal dominant
d. x-linked recessive
What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and
coma in hypernatremia?
A) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood
vessels, causing brain cells to shrink
B) high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain
cells, causing them to swell
C) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which slows
the synapses in the brain
D) high sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by
water, causing the brain cells to swell
Ans: A- high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood
vessels, causing brain cells to shrink
mitochondria
Organelle that contains the code needed for oxidative phosphorylation is:
a. mitochondria
b. lysosomes
c. nucleus
d. vacuoles
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death is an active process of cellular self-destruction. It is also referred to
as
a. apoptosis
b. necrosis
c. metastatic calcification
d. gangrene
Histones
4/42
