SKI PATROL LATEST 2026 EOC QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Central Nervous System (CNS) - ✔✔contains the brain and spinal cord
✔✔Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - ✔✔physical trauma, can be localized or diffuse
✔✔Brain - ✔✔Contains:
1. cerebrum, higher functioning
2. cerebellum, coordination and balance
3. brainstem, involuntary (heart, breathing)
✔✔cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - ✔✔1. buoyancy
2. cushioning
3. chemical stability
✔✔MOI - ✔✔deceleration/acceleration, compression, penetration, near drowning
✔✔Intercranial pressure (ICP) - ✔✔volume of skull is fixed any fluid/swelling
compresses tissue
✔✔coup-contrecoup injury - ✔✔brain strike one side of skull then the other (front then
back if there's a strike to the front)
✔✔Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) - ✔✔- Widespread disruption of axons due to
acceleration or deceleration injury. Small, petechial hemorrhages at gray-white junction
of cerebral hemispheres and or corpus callosum.
- Widespread area, most devastating**
✔✔Common Injuries - ✔✔1. skull fracture
2. concussion
3. cerebral contusion
4. scalp injuries
5. TBI (also recurrent)
✔✔Battle's Signs - ✔✔bruising behind ears, indicates TBI --> also raccoon eyes
✔✔Signs of Head Injury - ✔✔1. AMS
2. deformity of skull
3. drainage of CSF
4. raccoon eyes
5. unequal/unresponsive pupils
6. respiratory changes
7. heart rate down
8. abnormal posturing (decorticate/decerebrate)
, 9. sensory or motor defects
✔✔Retrograde vs. Anterograde Amnesia - ✔✔- Retrograde Amnesia is the loss of
memories from before a TBI
- Anterograde Amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a TBI
✔✔Cerebral Hematoma - ✔✔extravascular blood in brain
1. epidural, outside dura
2. subdural, below dura
3. intra cerebral, in brain tissue itself
✔✔Spinal - ✔✔C1 (Jefferson's), C2 (Hangman's), C3-C5 (keep diaphragm alive)
✔✔Neural Ischemia - ✔✔a condition in which part of the brain or spinal cord receives
too little oxygenated blood; damage to these organs results after only a few minutes of
anoxia.
✔✔Causes of Head and Spine Injuries - ✔✔1. fall greater than 3x height
2. vehicular accident
3. collision with tree
4. gunshot
5. avalanche
6. falling object
7. high voltage
✔✔Exam if Head and Spinal Injuries - ✔✔AVPU, PERRL, best motor response
(commands, localizes, withdraws, flex, extend****LOOK AT THIS IN BOOK)
✔✔Halo Test - ✔✔used to determine if CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) is present, red center
surrounded by pinking
✔✔Ch 22 (face eye and throat injuries) - ✔✔
✔✔Anatomy of face, eye, throat - ✔✔Maxilla is upper lip and cheekbones, Mandible is
jaw, zygomatic is cheek, orbit is bony socket
✔✔Eye - ✔✔cornea protects pupil, iris controls amount of light, lacrimal gland produces
tears
✔✔Aniscoria - ✔✔unequal size of the pupils
✔✔Hyphema - ✔✔blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Central Nervous System (CNS) - ✔✔contains the brain and spinal cord
✔✔Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - ✔✔physical trauma, can be localized or diffuse
✔✔Brain - ✔✔Contains:
1. cerebrum, higher functioning
2. cerebellum, coordination and balance
3. brainstem, involuntary (heart, breathing)
✔✔cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - ✔✔1. buoyancy
2. cushioning
3. chemical stability
✔✔MOI - ✔✔deceleration/acceleration, compression, penetration, near drowning
✔✔Intercranial pressure (ICP) - ✔✔volume of skull is fixed any fluid/swelling
compresses tissue
✔✔coup-contrecoup injury - ✔✔brain strike one side of skull then the other (front then
back if there's a strike to the front)
✔✔Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) - ✔✔- Widespread disruption of axons due to
acceleration or deceleration injury. Small, petechial hemorrhages at gray-white junction
of cerebral hemispheres and or corpus callosum.
- Widespread area, most devastating**
✔✔Common Injuries - ✔✔1. skull fracture
2. concussion
3. cerebral contusion
4. scalp injuries
5. TBI (also recurrent)
✔✔Battle's Signs - ✔✔bruising behind ears, indicates TBI --> also raccoon eyes
✔✔Signs of Head Injury - ✔✔1. AMS
2. deformity of skull
3. drainage of CSF
4. raccoon eyes
5. unequal/unresponsive pupils
6. respiratory changes
7. heart rate down
8. abnormal posturing (decorticate/decerebrate)
, 9. sensory or motor defects
✔✔Retrograde vs. Anterograde Amnesia - ✔✔- Retrograde Amnesia is the loss of
memories from before a TBI
- Anterograde Amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a TBI
✔✔Cerebral Hematoma - ✔✔extravascular blood in brain
1. epidural, outside dura
2. subdural, below dura
3. intra cerebral, in brain tissue itself
✔✔Spinal - ✔✔C1 (Jefferson's), C2 (Hangman's), C3-C5 (keep diaphragm alive)
✔✔Neural Ischemia - ✔✔a condition in which part of the brain or spinal cord receives
too little oxygenated blood; damage to these organs results after only a few minutes of
anoxia.
✔✔Causes of Head and Spine Injuries - ✔✔1. fall greater than 3x height
2. vehicular accident
3. collision with tree
4. gunshot
5. avalanche
6. falling object
7. high voltage
✔✔Exam if Head and Spinal Injuries - ✔✔AVPU, PERRL, best motor response
(commands, localizes, withdraws, flex, extend****LOOK AT THIS IN BOOK)
✔✔Halo Test - ✔✔used to determine if CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) is present, red center
surrounded by pinking
✔✔Ch 22 (face eye and throat injuries) - ✔✔
✔✔Anatomy of face, eye, throat - ✔✔Maxilla is upper lip and cheekbones, Mandible is
jaw, zygomatic is cheek, orbit is bony socket
✔✔Eye - ✔✔cornea protects pupil, iris controls amount of light, lacrimal gland produces
tears
✔✔Aniscoria - ✔✔unequal size of the pupils
✔✔Hyphema - ✔✔blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
