BIOL 251- Anatomy and Physiology
Exam
Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-the various structures of the body, what they look like, and their
relationship to one another
Gross Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-structures visible to the naked eye
Regional Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
can find organs from different systems in the same region
systemic anatomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-studies the anatomy of each functional body system
systems span across multiple regions
Microscopic Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked
eye
Cytology - CORRECT ANSWERS-study of cells
Histology - CORRECT ANSWERS-study of tissues
physiology - CORRECT ANSWERS-how these individual body parts work (or function) on a normal level
principle of complementarity of structure and function - CORRECT ANSWERS-what a structure can do is
dependent on its form
,bones are hard and hold up most of our body weight
chemical level of organization - CORRECT ANSWERS-atoms and molecules
cellular level of organization - CORRECT ANSWERS-smallest living unit of the body
cells function differently depending on where they are found
tissue level of organization - CORRECT ANSWERS-collections of 2 or more cells that carry out a similar
function
Four Basic Types of Tissue - CORRECT ANSWERS-epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
organ - CORRECT ANSWERS-any structure with two or more tissue types
Organ level of organization - CORRECT ANSWERS-tissues operate together to perform a certain function
Organ System Level of organiztion - CORRECT ANSWERS-multiple organs work together to accomplish a
purpose
Organismal Level of Organization - CORRECT ANSWERS-All organ systems working together to keep the
organism alive
Necessary Life Function #1 - Maintaining Boundaries - CORRECT ANSWERS-cell level --> cell membranes
keep organelles together and separate intercellular and extracellular fluid
,organismal level --> skin holds us together, prevents water loss, and helps prevent the entrance of
pathogens
Necessary Life Function #2- Movement - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cooperation of skeletal and muscular
systems to coordinate actions
Necessary Life Function #3- Responsiveness (or Excitability) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Sensing environmental
changes and responding to them
Are all cells responsive? - CORRECT ANSWERS-yes to a certain extent, but CNS cells are the most
responsive
Necessary Life Function #4- Digestion - CORRECT ANSWERS-Food is broken down to simple molecules to
be absorbed to blood and delivered to various tissues
Necessary Life Function #5- Metabolism - CORRECT ANSWERS-Catabolism, Anabolism, and Cellular
Respiration
Catabolism - CORRECT ANSWERS-breaking down
anabolism - CORRECT ANSWERS-building up
cellular respiration - CORRECT ANSWERS-ATP Production through glucose and oxygen
Necessary Life Function #6- Excretion - CORRECT ANSWERS-Removal of Waste produced during digestive
and metabolic functions
ex- Digestive waste, urine, respiratory release of CO2
, Necessary Life Function #7- Reproduction - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cell Level --> cells must divide for
organism to survive
Organismal level --> Production of offspring
Necessary Life Function #8- Growth - CORRECT ANSWERS-Increase in the number of body cells, or
increase in size of individual cells themselves
anabolic rate must be greater than catabolic rate
Survival Need 1- Nutrients - CORRECT ANSWERS-Brought into the body by ingestion
include carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals
Survival Need 2- Oxygen - CORRECT ANSWERS-cells can only survive a few minutes without oxygen
Survival Need 3- Water - CORRECT ANSWERS-Primary solvent in the body, provides environment for
chemical reactions and serves as fluid base for secretions and excretion
Survival Need 4 - Endothermy - CORRECT ANSWERS-body temperature must be maintained for chemic
processes to occur (98.6)
Survival Need 5- Atmospheric Pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS-breathing and gas exchange occur at an
appropriate atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS-maintenance of the internal condition of the body despite a
constantly changing external environment
Exam
Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-the various structures of the body, what they look like, and their
relationship to one another
Gross Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-structures visible to the naked eye
Regional Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
can find organs from different systems in the same region
systemic anatomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-studies the anatomy of each functional body system
systems span across multiple regions
Microscopic Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked
eye
Cytology - CORRECT ANSWERS-study of cells
Histology - CORRECT ANSWERS-study of tissues
physiology - CORRECT ANSWERS-how these individual body parts work (or function) on a normal level
principle of complementarity of structure and function - CORRECT ANSWERS-what a structure can do is
dependent on its form
,bones are hard and hold up most of our body weight
chemical level of organization - CORRECT ANSWERS-atoms and molecules
cellular level of organization - CORRECT ANSWERS-smallest living unit of the body
cells function differently depending on where they are found
tissue level of organization - CORRECT ANSWERS-collections of 2 or more cells that carry out a similar
function
Four Basic Types of Tissue - CORRECT ANSWERS-epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
organ - CORRECT ANSWERS-any structure with two or more tissue types
Organ level of organization - CORRECT ANSWERS-tissues operate together to perform a certain function
Organ System Level of organiztion - CORRECT ANSWERS-multiple organs work together to accomplish a
purpose
Organismal Level of Organization - CORRECT ANSWERS-All organ systems working together to keep the
organism alive
Necessary Life Function #1 - Maintaining Boundaries - CORRECT ANSWERS-cell level --> cell membranes
keep organelles together and separate intercellular and extracellular fluid
,organismal level --> skin holds us together, prevents water loss, and helps prevent the entrance of
pathogens
Necessary Life Function #2- Movement - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cooperation of skeletal and muscular
systems to coordinate actions
Necessary Life Function #3- Responsiveness (or Excitability) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Sensing environmental
changes and responding to them
Are all cells responsive? - CORRECT ANSWERS-yes to a certain extent, but CNS cells are the most
responsive
Necessary Life Function #4- Digestion - CORRECT ANSWERS-Food is broken down to simple molecules to
be absorbed to blood and delivered to various tissues
Necessary Life Function #5- Metabolism - CORRECT ANSWERS-Catabolism, Anabolism, and Cellular
Respiration
Catabolism - CORRECT ANSWERS-breaking down
anabolism - CORRECT ANSWERS-building up
cellular respiration - CORRECT ANSWERS-ATP Production through glucose and oxygen
Necessary Life Function #6- Excretion - CORRECT ANSWERS-Removal of Waste produced during digestive
and metabolic functions
ex- Digestive waste, urine, respiratory release of CO2
, Necessary Life Function #7- Reproduction - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cell Level --> cells must divide for
organism to survive
Organismal level --> Production of offspring
Necessary Life Function #8- Growth - CORRECT ANSWERS-Increase in the number of body cells, or
increase in size of individual cells themselves
anabolic rate must be greater than catabolic rate
Survival Need 1- Nutrients - CORRECT ANSWERS-Brought into the body by ingestion
include carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals
Survival Need 2- Oxygen - CORRECT ANSWERS-cells can only survive a few minutes without oxygen
Survival Need 3- Water - CORRECT ANSWERS-Primary solvent in the body, provides environment for
chemical reactions and serves as fluid base for secretions and excretion
Survival Need 4 - Endothermy - CORRECT ANSWERS-body temperature must be maintained for chemic
processes to occur (98.6)
Survival Need 5- Atmospheric Pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS-breathing and gas exchange occur at an
appropriate atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS-maintenance of the internal condition of the body despite a
constantly changing external environment
