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MNO STUDY NOTES – SAFETY MANAGEMENT 2Safety Management Study Notes- MNO2603
Chapter One
(1) Why is it important to take note of safety and health events in the historical development?
of safety management?
Historical Developments gives us an overview of the development of safety management
and a better understanding of the current structure and functioning of safety management as
a business practice.
Where the code of Hammurabi was written many centuries ago, and dealt with issues such
as injuries, fees for physical and financial damages against people who harmed others, and
based on an eye for and eye.
In the ancient world, workers were slaves, and when injured the it was considered damage
to property, which called for punishment, However, if it was it could be proven that the injury
was not done on purpose or intentionally then the offender would not be charged with the
offence.
During the Industrial Revolution courts dealt with injury claims against employers under the
common law, Employers during this stage also had protection of three powerful defences
namely;
Contributory negligence which nullified employer liability if injury was due to the employee‟s
fault/Negligence
Assumption of safety Risk, which again nullified employer liability if the injured was familiar
with the risk and accepted the risk that led to an injury.
Fellow servant rule, which also nullified the employer liability if the injury resulted from the
negligence of a fellow worker.
The industrial revolution gave way for the current society we live in regarding developments
to Safety, where rules came into play and where some are still followed today, Its important
to notice that the past shaped the historical developments of ensuring we work safer today to
not step back into the past and repeat unsafe practices.
(2) What is the nature of safety hazards?
Is the process of it requiring to be tangible, the safety hazard will consist of matter? If it has
no material then it cannot cause harm or damage, it needs to interact with other things to
become a safety hazard.
(3) What is the study object of safety management?
The study object of safety management is the study of the interaction of safety hazards,
whether natural, Planned or unplanned, and the exchange of energy, and the use of
resources to achieve a specific objective, and to apply the study to analyse and find a
solution to the problem.
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, MNO STUDY NOTES – SAFETY MANAGEMENT 2
(4) What is the origin of safety risks?
When safety risks interact, some form of energy exchange occurs, where threats are created
which result in loss to people and the environment. Thus called safety risks, and thus only
when risks make contact, interact and exchange energy that the risk is generated. Thus also
if these risks do not generate then no risk originates.
(5) What are the basic safety responsibilities of employers and employees?
Employer Responsibilities;
1. Provide a safe working environment
2. Provide and maintain facilities and equipment that is safe
3. Provide a safe working environment
4. Perform safety risk assessments and provide control measures
5. Develop and maintain employee competence
6. Provide all necessary safety equipment
7. Enforce Legal requirements
8. Report and analyse occupational incidents
9. Manage safety
10. Improve on safety management continually
Employee Responsibilities;
1. Take care of the health and safety of themselves and their colleagues
2. Co-operate with employers and managers
3. Obey all safety related orders
4. Report unsafe conditions and safety incidents
5. Behave respectfully
(6) What does the hierarchy of safety management entail?
Safety managers focus on the reducing and managing the safety risks that safety hazards
pose in the workplace and the environment in-order to minimise risks in work situations, the
safety manager has to implement the hierarchy of controls.
The hierarchy of safety management entail 8 controls.
1. Elimination of safety hazards
Safety hazards can be regarded as any object or substance in the workplace that can
cause loss to people and non-human safety hazards. If a safety risk is not present
and cannot interact with or exchange energy, then it does not pose a risk factor. But
vice versa where a hazard exists control measures are implemented to control the
work environment and minimise or eliminate the cause.
2. Substitution of the safety Hazard
Substitution means replacing one hazard with another, where it contributes to the
reduction of the safety risk and must create a more acceptable safety risk level when
interaction and energy exchange takes place.
Substitution also implies modification of the safety hazard to achieve a similar result.
3. Isolation of the Safety Hazard
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, MNO STUDY NOTES – SAFETY MANAGEMENT 2
Isolating or separating safety hazards implies that those safety hazards are confined
to such an extent that they cannot generate safety risks by interacting and
exchanging energy with other safety hazards. Thus contact is prevented
4. Engineering Methods
Engineering is the basis of designing, developing, managing, maintaining, reviewing
and improving controls pertaining to the interaction and energy exchange of safety
hazards. Designing and developing hardware to operate hardware safely and do not
endanger the safety of people, property and the environment. The basis of
developing safe work procedures to ensure safe interaction.
5. Administrative Controls
The basis where managers initiate controls to ensure safety risks are dealt with
correctly, these are controls give employees guidelines when they interact or
exchange energy with safety hazards in any given situation. Administration controls
are safety signs, and safe work procedures that ensure employees adhere to safety
hazards and follow the procedure diligently to ensure harm is controlled or mitigated.
6. Personal Protective Equipment
PPE, Personal protective equipment is provided to protect employees against
unacceptable levels of safety risks.
PPE refers to the device or clothing that protects employees who come into contact
with the safety hazard, PPE can be in the form of overalls, hard hat, hand gloves,
safety shoes, ear plugs, Dust mask or respirator and many more.
7. Training of Competence
Employees in every day working environments need to be trained in a variety of
fields within their scope of work, in-order to find them competent to operate in various
disciplines within their fields of work, where they can perform a task safely.
Example; working at heights training, or confined space training.
8. Behaviour Control
This is where the organisation controls the employees by having peer observations to
help employees perform good behavioural attitudes constantly. And are a basis of
administration controls.
(7) List and briefly explain the three theories on accident causation.
1. Pre-even phase, is made up of all the factors that were present before the accident
actually occurred. These factors could be anything from hardware, to people and their
competence.
2. The event Phase, is the Hazard interaction and energy exchange during and at the point
of impact.
3. The post-event is the effects form the safety hazard interaction and energy exchange after
the moment of impact.
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, MNO STUDY NOTES – SAFETY MANAGEMENT 2
The accident causation model is based on the domino effect, when the forst domino falls
over it starts a chain reaction form the first contact point to the end result of end ot the
accident.
There are 6 stages to the domino effect.
1. Inadequate safety risk assessment, failure to assess the needs of the risks associated
with the activity.
2. Inadequate Controls, Failure to comply with legal requirements.
3. Basic Cause, Personal factors and Job factors
4. Direct Cause. At risk behaviour and substandard conditions
5. Incident, contact between safety hazards
6. Unintended Loss, harm to people, and damage to property, production and environment.
(8) What does the philosophical approach to safety management entail?
Safety is a value and not a priority
Production includes safety
All tasks and work processes pose safety risks
No task justifies harm or damage
Rigorous Analysis
Interdependent responsibility
All safety incidents are preventable
Multidisciplinary approach
No one knows everything
Mandating and monitoring the role of the government
(9) What is the need for personal protective equipment (PPE) in managing safety?
The need for personal protective equipment is to ensure safe interactions with all safety
hazards and work related health injuries, and the mandatory provisions of PPE is implied.
PPE is the absolute last resort as a control against a given hazard or risk
but without exception, the use of PPE should always be considered last. Be that as it may, it is
contended here that PPE gets a bad rap and deserves its rightful place in the prevention of injuries
and occupational disease.
PPE does have its place in safety management, of course. According to OSHA, PPE is “designed
to protect workers from serious workplace injuries or illnesses
(10) What is the importance of cross-functional teams (CFTs) in safety management?
The purpose of CFTs – a multidisciplinary focus is to to recognise and use other disciplines,
this usually occurs with cross-functional teams, these teams help design, develop, assess,
manage, review, maintain and improve safety controls. The focus is on creating a safe work
environment by ensuring effective interactions and energy exchange between safety
hazards at all times.
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