Huether Mccance Pathophysiology Exam A+ Grade Assured Complete Solutions And Verified Answers

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM +t




Exam Solution
+t




NUR612 Pathophysiology Final McCance & Huether (8t
+t +t +t +t +t +t




h ed. ) 2026 A+ GRADE ASSURED COMPLETE SOLUTION
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t




S AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (162CD)
+t +t +t +t




QUESTION 1 +t




Term
ANSWER

Definition



QUESTION 2 +t




It is true that a eukaryotic cell
+t +t +t +t +t +t



A. is smaller than a prokaryotic cell.
+t +t +t +t +t +t



B. contains structures called organelles.
+t +t +t +t



C. lacks a well-defined nucleus.
+t +t +t +t



D. does not contain histones.
+t +t +t +t




ANSWER

B. Contains structures called organelles. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles and histones, they have a w
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



ell-defined nucleus, and are larger than prokaryotic cells. Ch01.1
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t




QUESTION 3 +t




The function of a histone found in a eukaryote cell focuses on cellular
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



A. division.
+t



B. movement.
+t



C. activities.
+t



D. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) folding.
+t +t +t +t




ANSWER

D. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) folding. The histones are binding proteins that cause the supercoiling of
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +



DNA into chromosomes and do not affect cellular division, movement, or activities. Ch01.2
t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t

,QUESTION 4 +t




An organelle that is responsible for the metabolism of cellular energy is referred to as a
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



/an
A. Golgi complex.
+t +t



B. mitochondrion.
+t



C. endoplasmic reticulum.
+t +t



D. nucleolus.
+t




ANSWER

B. mitochondrion Mitochondria play a role in cellular metabolism, cellular respiration, and energy prod
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



uction. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins from the endoplasmic re
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



ticulum, where they are synthesized. The nucleolus is a small, dense structure that contains the ribonuc
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



leic acid (RNA), DNA, and DNA-binding proteins. Ch01.3
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t




QUESTION 5 +t




Which statement best describes a desmosome?
+t +t +t +t +t



A. A desmosome is a barrier to diffusion.
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t



B. Desmosomes hold cells together by continuous bands.
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t



C. A desmosome is a communicating tunnel.
+t +t +t +t +t +t



D. Desmosomes function as a zona occludens.
+t +t +t +t +t +t




ANSWER

B. Desmosomes hold cells together by continuous bands. The desmosome is a type of cell junction. The
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



other two types include tight junctions and gap junctions. Desmosomes hold cells together by forming a
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +



continuous band of epithelial tissue or belt (or button-
t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



like) points of contact. They are also a source of structural stability. Tight junctions serve as barriers to
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



diffusion and prevent the movement of substances through transport proteins. Gap junctions are cluster
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



s of communicating tunnels. Ch01.4
+t +t +t +t




QUESTION 6 +t




Which statement describes the function of a second messenger?
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



A. Binds with membrane-bound receptors via a ligand
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t



B. Triggers a cascade of intracellular events
+t +t +t +t +t +t



C. Opens specific channels in the cell membrane
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t



D. Blocks a membrane-bound receptor signal
+t +t +t +t +t




ANSWER

B. Triggers a cascade of intracellular events The binding of a ligand to a cell surface receptor triggers th
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



e activation of intracellular second messengers. Second messengers activate signal transduction pathwa
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



ys in the cell that can initiate different intracellular events. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) an
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



d calcium (Ca++) are the two major second-
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t



messenger pathways. First messengers are the extracellular ligands that bind to cell surface receptors.
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t

,Binding of first messengers can result in the opening or closing of specific cell membrane channels or t
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



he activation of second messengers. Ch01.5
+t +t +t +t +t




QUESTION 7 +t




Which statement is correct regarding cellular energy?
+t +t +t +t +t +t



A. Glycolysis is the building of sugar molecules.
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t



B. Oxidative cellular metabolism is a single reaction making adenosine triphosphate (AT
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



P).
C. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria.
+t +t +t +t +t +t



D. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen.
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t




ANSWER

C. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitoc
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



hondria. This is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



transferred to ATP. Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose molecules; it produces a net of two
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



ATP molecules. Oxidation is a process during which a pair of electrons are removed and transferred. O
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



xidative cellular metabolism involves 10 biochemical reactions. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the absen
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



ce of oxygen. Aerobic means in the presence of oxygen. Ch01.6
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t




QUESTION 8 +t




Movement of a solute molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low con
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



centration is called +t +t



A. diffusion.
+t



B. filtration.
+t



C. osmosis.
+t



D. hydrostatic pressure.
+t +t




ANSWER

A. diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water down a concentration gradient from an area of higher
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. Filtration is the movement of water and s
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



olute through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure on one side of the membrane than th
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



e other. Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against a cell membrane. Ch01.7
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t




QUESTION 9 +t




Which is an example of an energy-releasing process?
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t



A. Anabolism
+t



B. Catabolism
+t



C. Substrate-induced reaction
+t +t



D. Second messenger system
+t +t +t




ANSWER

, B. Catabolism Catabolism is an energy-releasing process. The energy-
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



using process is anabolism. A substrate is a specific substance that is converted to a product in the reac
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



tion. A second messenger is a "pass-it-
+t +t +t +t +t +t



on signal." This occurs when a first messenger activates a receptor that then triggers a pass-it-
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



on signal. Ch01.8
+t +t




QUESTION 10 +t




Which describes an amphipathic molecule?
+t +t +t +t



A. It is permeable to water only.
+t +t +t +t +t +t



B. It is a nonpolar molecule.
+t +t +t +t +t



C. It is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
+t +t +t +t +t +t



D. It is a one-layered structure.
+t +t +t +t +t




ANSWER

C. It is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. The amphipathic molecule is both hydrophobic and hydrophil
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



ic. A hydrophilic molecule is a charged, water-
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t



loving molecule. A hydrophobic molecule is an uncharged or water-
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



hating molecule. A polar molecule is another name for an amphipathic molecule. Ch01.9
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t




QUESTION 11 +t




Which are the roles of relay chains in signal transduction? (Select all that apply.)
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



A. Transfer the signal
+t +t +t



B. Converge the signal
+t +t +t



C. Amplify the signal
+t +t +t



D. Distribute the signal
+t +t +t




ANSWER

A. Transfer the signal
+t +t +t



C. Amplify the signal
+t +t +t



D. Distribute the signal The functions of relay chains include transferring the signal from its reception p
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



oint to another part of the cell where it is expected; amplifying the signal received and making it strong
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



er; and distributing the signal so that it influences several processes in parallel. The signal can diverge,
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



not converge, and be relayed to several different intracellular targets. Ch01.10
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t




QUESTION 12 +t




Which are functions of a protein? (Select all that apply.)
+t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t +t



A. Pores or transport channels
+t +t +t +t



B. Enzymes that drive pumps
+t +t +t +t



C. Cell surface markers
+t +t +t



D. Synapses for cells
+t +t +t




ANSWER