LATEST UPDATED NU 621 FINAL EXAM -
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY |
COMPLETE EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS AND RATIONALES. A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
1. A nurse is reviewing cellular adaptation. Which
type of cellular adaptation is characterized by a
decrease in cell size and metabolic activity in
response to decreased workload or nutrients?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and
metabolic activity, often due to decreased workload,
denervation, or inadequate nutrition. Hypertrophy is
increased cell size. Hyperplasia is increased cell
number. Metaplasia is replacement of one cell type
with another.
,2. A client has chronic hypertension. Which type of
cellular adaptation occurs in the left ventricle in
response to increased afterload?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Dysplasia
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases afterload
on the left ventricle, causing cardiac myocytes to
increase in size (hypertrophy). Hyperplasia
(increased number of cells) does not occur in cardiac
muscle.
3. A nurse is reviewing cellular injury. Which
mechanism of cell injury is caused by reduced
oxygen delivery to tissues?
A) Ischemia
B) Hypoxia
C) Anoxia
D) Hypoxemia
Correct answer: B
,Rationale: Hypoxia is reduced oxygen at the tissue
level. Ischemia is reduced blood flow (which causes
hypoxia). Anoxia is complete lack of oxygen.
Hypoxemia is reduced oxygen in the blood.
4. A client has a myocardial infarction. Which type of
cell death occurs in the affected cardiac tissue?
A) Apoptosis
B) Necrosis
C) Pyroptosis
D) Autophagy
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Myocardial infarction causes ischemic
necrosis (unprogrammed cell death due to injury).
Apoptosis is programmed cell death without
inflammation. Pyroptosis is inflammatory cell death.
Autophagy is cellular recycling.
5. A nurse is reviewing apoptosis. Which statement
about apoptosis is correct?
A) Apoptosis causes significant inflammation
B) Apoptosis is unprogrammed cell death
, C) Apoptosis is a normal physiologic process that
eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells without
inflammation
D) Apoptosis is always pathologic
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that
occurs without inflammation (no release of cellular
contents). It can be physiologic (cell turnover) or
pathologic (certain diseases). Necrosis causes
inflammation.
6. A client has a malignant tumor. Which
characteristic is associated with malignant
neoplasms?
A) Encapsulated
B) Well-differentiated cells
C) Metastasis
D) Slow growth rate
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Malignant tumors are characterized by
metastasis (spread to distant sites), rapid growth,
poor differentiation (anaplasia), and lack of
encapsulation. Benign tumors are encapsulated,
well-differentiated, and slow-growing.
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY |
COMPLETE EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS AND RATIONALES. A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
1. A nurse is reviewing cellular adaptation. Which
type of cellular adaptation is characterized by a
decrease in cell size and metabolic activity in
response to decreased workload or nutrients?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and
metabolic activity, often due to decreased workload,
denervation, or inadequate nutrition. Hypertrophy is
increased cell size. Hyperplasia is increased cell
number. Metaplasia is replacement of one cell type
with another.
,2. A client has chronic hypertension. Which type of
cellular adaptation occurs in the left ventricle in
response to increased afterload?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Dysplasia
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases afterload
on the left ventricle, causing cardiac myocytes to
increase in size (hypertrophy). Hyperplasia
(increased number of cells) does not occur in cardiac
muscle.
3. A nurse is reviewing cellular injury. Which
mechanism of cell injury is caused by reduced
oxygen delivery to tissues?
A) Ischemia
B) Hypoxia
C) Anoxia
D) Hypoxemia
Correct answer: B
,Rationale: Hypoxia is reduced oxygen at the tissue
level. Ischemia is reduced blood flow (which causes
hypoxia). Anoxia is complete lack of oxygen.
Hypoxemia is reduced oxygen in the blood.
4. A client has a myocardial infarction. Which type of
cell death occurs in the affected cardiac tissue?
A) Apoptosis
B) Necrosis
C) Pyroptosis
D) Autophagy
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Myocardial infarction causes ischemic
necrosis (unprogrammed cell death due to injury).
Apoptosis is programmed cell death without
inflammation. Pyroptosis is inflammatory cell death.
Autophagy is cellular recycling.
5. A nurse is reviewing apoptosis. Which statement
about apoptosis is correct?
A) Apoptosis causes significant inflammation
B) Apoptosis is unprogrammed cell death
, C) Apoptosis is a normal physiologic process that
eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells without
inflammation
D) Apoptosis is always pathologic
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that
occurs without inflammation (no release of cellular
contents). It can be physiologic (cell turnover) or
pathologic (certain diseases). Necrosis causes
inflammation.
6. A client has a malignant tumor. Which
characteristic is associated with malignant
neoplasms?
A) Encapsulated
B) Well-differentiated cells
C) Metastasis
D) Slow growth rate
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Malignant tumors are characterized by
metastasis (spread to distant sites), rapid growth,
poor differentiation (anaplasia), and lack of
encapsulation. Benign tumors are encapsulated,
well-differentiated, and slow-growing.
