LATEST UPDATED NU 621 MIDTERM -
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM |
COMPLETE EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS AND RATIONALES. A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
1. A nurse is reviewing cellular adaptation. Which
type of cellular adaptation is characterized by an
increase in cell size in response to increased
workload?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size,
often in response to increased workload (e.g., left
ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension).
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. Atrophy is
a decrease in cell size. Metaplasia is replacement of
one cell type with another.
,2. A client has chronic anemia. Which type of cellular
adaptation occurs in the bone marrow in response to
chronic hypoxia?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Dysplasia
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Chronic anemia causes hypoxia, leading to
increased production of red blood cells in the bone
marrow (hyperplasia). Hypertrophy is increase in cell
size. Atrophy is decrease in cell size. Dysplasia is
abnormal cell growth.
3. A nurse is reviewing cellular injury. Which
mechanism of cell injury is caused by reduced blood
flow to tissues?
A) Hypoxia
B) Ischemia
C) Anoxia
D) Hypoxemia
Correct answer: B
,Rationale: Ischemia is reduced blood flow to tissues,
leading to oxygen and nutrient deprivation (which
causes hypoxia). Hypoxia is reduced oxygen at the
tissue level. Anoxia is complete lack of oxygen.
Hypoxemia is reduced oxygen in the blood.
4. A client has a myocardial infarction. Which type of
cell death occurs in the affected cardiac tissue?
A) Apoptosis
B) Necrosis
C) Autophagy
D) Pyroptosis
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Myocardial infarction causes ischemic
necrosis (unprogrammed cell death due to injury).
Apoptosis is programmed cell death without
inflammation. Autophagy is cellular recycling.
Pyroptosis is inflammatory cell death.
5. A nurse is reviewing apoptosis. Which statement
about apoptosis is correct?
A) Apoptosis causes significant inflammation
B) Apoptosis is unprogrammed cell death
, C) Apoptosis is a normal physiologic process that
eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells without
inflammation
D) Apoptosis is always pathologic
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that
occurs without inflammation (no release of cellular
contents). It can be physiologic (cell turnover) or
pathologic (certain diseases). Necrosis causes
inflammation.
6. A client has a malignant tumor. Which
characteristic is associated with malignant
neoplasms?
A) Encapsulated
B) Well-differentiated cells
C) Metastasis
D) Slow growth rate
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Malignant tumors are characterized by
metastasis (spread to distant sites), rapid growth,
poor differentiation (anaplasia), and lack of
encapsulation. Benign tumors are encapsulated,
well-differentiated, and slow-growing.
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM |
COMPLETE EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS AND RATIONALES. A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
1. A nurse is reviewing cellular adaptation. Which
type of cellular adaptation is characterized by an
increase in cell size in response to increased
workload?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size,
often in response to increased workload (e.g., left
ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension).
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. Atrophy is
a decrease in cell size. Metaplasia is replacement of
one cell type with another.
,2. A client has chronic anemia. Which type of cellular
adaptation occurs in the bone marrow in response to
chronic hypoxia?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Dysplasia
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Chronic anemia causes hypoxia, leading to
increased production of red blood cells in the bone
marrow (hyperplasia). Hypertrophy is increase in cell
size. Atrophy is decrease in cell size. Dysplasia is
abnormal cell growth.
3. A nurse is reviewing cellular injury. Which
mechanism of cell injury is caused by reduced blood
flow to tissues?
A) Hypoxia
B) Ischemia
C) Anoxia
D) Hypoxemia
Correct answer: B
,Rationale: Ischemia is reduced blood flow to tissues,
leading to oxygen and nutrient deprivation (which
causes hypoxia). Hypoxia is reduced oxygen at the
tissue level. Anoxia is complete lack of oxygen.
Hypoxemia is reduced oxygen in the blood.
4. A client has a myocardial infarction. Which type of
cell death occurs in the affected cardiac tissue?
A) Apoptosis
B) Necrosis
C) Autophagy
D) Pyroptosis
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Myocardial infarction causes ischemic
necrosis (unprogrammed cell death due to injury).
Apoptosis is programmed cell death without
inflammation. Autophagy is cellular recycling.
Pyroptosis is inflammatory cell death.
5. A nurse is reviewing apoptosis. Which statement
about apoptosis is correct?
A) Apoptosis causes significant inflammation
B) Apoptosis is unprogrammed cell death
, C) Apoptosis is a normal physiologic process that
eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells without
inflammation
D) Apoptosis is always pathologic
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that
occurs without inflammation (no release of cellular
contents). It can be physiologic (cell turnover) or
pathologic (certain diseases). Necrosis causes
inflammation.
6. A client has a malignant tumor. Which
characteristic is associated with malignant
neoplasms?
A) Encapsulated
B) Well-differentiated cells
C) Metastasis
D) Slow growth rate
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Malignant tumors are characterized by
metastasis (spread to distant sites), rapid growth,
poor differentiation (anaplasia), and lack of
encapsulation. Benign tumors are encapsulated,
well-differentiated, and slow-growing.
