ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II (APHY 102) – IVY TECH –
NEWEST ACTUAL FINAL EXAM SUMMER 2026 –
SOLVED WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
NSWERS//VERIFIED//GRADED A+//
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its
mother?
Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh
antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive,
her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive blood cells. If a
mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her
antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can
lead the baby to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or
hemolytic disease.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies
can be found in the plasma? How do these create
different blood types?
Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface and
anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
Page 1 of 63
,Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and
anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell
surface and no antibodies in its plasma. (It is the
universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but
has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its plasma. (It
is the universal donor).
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins.
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Compare the formed elements of the blood.
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to maintain
life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs
fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds
that occur.
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,Describe the steps in clot formation.
Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel
contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken
vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically
or intrinsically).
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood
types?
O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
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, B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC
and platelets?
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
Neutrophils
50%-70%
Eosinophils
1%-4%
Basophils
0-1%
Lymphocytes
20%-35%
Monocytes
3%-8%
Page 4 of 63
NEWEST ACTUAL FINAL EXAM SUMMER 2026 –
SOLVED WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
NSWERS//VERIFIED//GRADED A+//
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its
mother?
Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh
antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive,
her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive blood cells. If a
mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her
antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can
lead the baby to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or
hemolytic disease.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies
can be found in the plasma? How do these create
different blood types?
Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface and
anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
Page 1 of 63
,Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and
anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell
surface and no antibodies in its plasma. (It is the
universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but
has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its plasma. (It
is the universal donor).
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins.
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Compare the formed elements of the blood.
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to maintain
life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs
fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds
that occur.
Page 2 of 63
,Describe the steps in clot formation.
Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel
contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken
vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically
or intrinsically).
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood
types?
O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
Page 3 of 63
, B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC
and platelets?
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
Neutrophils
50%-70%
Eosinophils
1%-4%
Basophils
0-1%
Lymphocytes
20%-35%
Monocytes
3%-8%
Page 4 of 63
