5/14/26, 9:12 AM A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide Flashcards | Quizlet
A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM
UPDATE Verified Anatomy & Physiology II Study
guide
Save Groups
Terms in this set (205)
Who regulates pituitary gland hypothalamus
secretion?
What is a hormone and how does it Hormones are chemical messengers that are
act? responsible for regulation. They are secreted into
body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on
target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific
receptors for that particular hormone.
https://quizlet.com/1180285420/ap-102-final-exam-ivy-tech-20252026-exam-update-verified-anatomy-physiology-ii-study-guide-flash-cards/?new 1/38
,5/14/26, 9:12 AM A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide Flashcards | Quizlet
Compare and contrast glucagon and Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down
insulin. glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into
glucose and it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from
glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates
into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose
through adipose and muscle cell membranes,
decreasing blood glucose concentration and
promotes transport of amino acids into cells, as
well as enhances synthesis of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration
constant, but glucagon breaks down glycogen into
glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than is a chemical signal sent between members of the
hormones? same species. Are a type of hormone that are
released in small quantities and play a big role in
physical attraction between people.
How is inhibin used in the body? Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative
feedback. This action prevents over secretion of
FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and
ovaries. FSH is secreted by anterior pituitary gland.
It is a glycoprotein hormone.
Differentiate between paracrine, Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but
autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine affect only neighboring cells.
glands. Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting
cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the
interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on
target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead
to body surfaces.
https://quizlet.com/1180285420/ap-102-final-exam-ivy-tech-20252026-exam-update-verified-anatomy-physiology-ii-study-guide-flash-cards/?new 2/38
,5/14/26, 9:12 AM A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide Flashcards | Quizlet
Describe steroid hormones. Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones.
Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes
and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they
combine with a receptor molecule, which together
bind to DNA and promote transcription of
messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and
directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized
proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe tropic hormones. They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands
than those secreting them.
Describe normal blood: number of Describe normal blood: number of each cell type,
each cell type, pH. pH.
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood
volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000
in females. WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic
mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000
per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is
around 7.4.
How does the Rh factor affect a Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh
developing fetus and its mother? antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh
positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive
blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby
is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC.
Complications can lead the baby to develop
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
https://quizlet.com/1180285420/ap-102-final-exam-ivy-tech-20252026-exam-update-verified-anatomy-physiology-ii-study-guide-flash-cards/?new 3/38
, 5/14/26, 9:12 AM A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide Flashcards | Quizlet
What antigens can be found on Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface and
RBC? What antibodies can be found anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
in the plasma? How do these create Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and
different blood types? anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its
cell surface and no antibodies in its plasma. (It is
the universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface,
but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its
plasma. (It is the universal donor).
Describe the different leukocytes Neutrophils
and their origins. Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Compare the formed elements of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to
the blood. maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's
tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and
platelets clot wounds that occur.
Describe the steps in clot formation. Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood
vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken
vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs
extrinsically or intrinsically).
https://quizlet.com/1180285420/ap-102-final-exam-ivy-tech-20252026-exam-update-verified-anatomy-physiology-ii-study-guide-flash-cards/?new 4/38
A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM
UPDATE Verified Anatomy & Physiology II Study
guide
Save Groups
Terms in this set (205)
Who regulates pituitary gland hypothalamus
secretion?
What is a hormone and how does it Hormones are chemical messengers that are
act? responsible for regulation. They are secreted into
body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on
target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific
receptors for that particular hormone.
https://quizlet.com/1180285420/ap-102-final-exam-ivy-tech-20252026-exam-update-verified-anatomy-physiology-ii-study-guide-flash-cards/?new 1/38
,5/14/26, 9:12 AM A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide Flashcards | Quizlet
Compare and contrast glucagon and Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down
insulin. glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into
glucose and it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from
glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates
into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose
through adipose and muscle cell membranes,
decreasing blood glucose concentration and
promotes transport of amino acids into cells, as
well as enhances synthesis of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration
constant, but glucagon breaks down glycogen into
glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than is a chemical signal sent between members of the
hormones? same species. Are a type of hormone that are
released in small quantities and play a big role in
physical attraction between people.
How is inhibin used in the body? Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative
feedback. This action prevents over secretion of
FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and
ovaries. FSH is secreted by anterior pituitary gland.
It is a glycoprotein hormone.
Differentiate between paracrine, Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but
autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine affect only neighboring cells.
glands. Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting
cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the
interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on
target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead
to body surfaces.
https://quizlet.com/1180285420/ap-102-final-exam-ivy-tech-20252026-exam-update-verified-anatomy-physiology-ii-study-guide-flash-cards/?new 2/38
,5/14/26, 9:12 AM A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide Flashcards | Quizlet
Describe steroid hormones. Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones.
Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes
and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they
combine with a receptor molecule, which together
bind to DNA and promote transcription of
messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and
directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized
proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe tropic hormones. They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands
than those secreting them.
Describe normal blood: number of Describe normal blood: number of each cell type,
each cell type, pH. pH.
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood
volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000
in females. WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic
mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000
per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is
around 7.4.
How does the Rh factor affect a Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh
developing fetus and its mother? antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh
positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive
blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby
is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC.
Complications can lead the baby to develop
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
https://quizlet.com/1180285420/ap-102-final-exam-ivy-tech-20252026-exam-update-verified-anatomy-physiology-ii-study-guide-flash-cards/?new 3/38
, 5/14/26, 9:12 AM A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide Flashcards | Quizlet
What antigens can be found on Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface and
RBC? What antibodies can be found anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
in the plasma? How do these create Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and
different blood types? anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its
cell surface and no antibodies in its plasma. (It is
the universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface,
but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its
plasma. (It is the universal donor).
Describe the different leukocytes Neutrophils
and their origins. Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Compare the formed elements of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to
the blood. maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's
tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and
platelets clot wounds that occur.
Describe the steps in clot formation. Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood
vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken
vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs
extrinsically or intrinsically).
https://quizlet.com/1180285420/ap-102-final-exam-ivy-tech-20252026-exam-update-verified-anatomy-physiology-ii-study-guide-flash-cards/?new 4/38
