BSC 2085 EXAM 2 YUNG SU FSU 2026
STUDY GUIDE COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS ANSWERS VERIFIED A+
◉ Cytosol.
Answer: intracellular fluid that dissolves materials (nutrients, ions,
proteins, and waste products)
High potassium (K+) and low sodium (Na+)
High protein
Low carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat
◉ Organelles.
Answer: structures with specific functions
◉ Nonmembranous organelles.
Answer: no membrane
direct contact with cytosol
include the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and
proteasomes
,◉ Membranous organelles.
Answer: covered with phospholipid membrane
isolated from cytosol by membrane
include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
peroxisomes, and mitochondria
◉ Six types of Nonmembranous organelles:.
Answer: 1. Cytoskeleton
2. Microvilli
3. Centrioles
4. Cilia
5. Ribosomes
6. Proteasomes
◉ The Cytoskeleton.
Answer: structural proteins for shape and strength
◉ Microfilaments.
Answer: thin filaments composed of the protein actin
,-Provide additional mechanical strength
-Interact with proteins for consistency of cytosol
-Pair with thick filaments of myosin for muscle movement
◉ Intermediate filaments.
Answer: mid-sized between microfilaments and microtubules
*Keratin* fibers in superficial layers of skin are intermediate filaments
-Durable
-Strengthen cell and maintain shape
-Stabilize organelles
-Stabilize cell position
◉ Microtubules.
Answer: Large, hollow tubes of *tubulin* protein
Attach to *centrosome* (microtubules organizing center) located close
to the nucleus
-Strengthen cell and anchor organelles
-Change cell shape
-Move vesicles within cell (kinesis and dynein - motor proteins that use
ATP to move vesicles along microtubules)
, Form spindle apparatus (moves chromosomes to opposite ends of the
cell during anaphase of cell division)
◉ Myosin proteins form:.
Answer: thick filaments in muscle tissue
◉ Microvilli:.
Answer: core composed of microfilaments
-increase plasma membrane surface area for absorption
-attach to cytoskeleton
◉ Centrioles :.
Answer: composed of microtubules
-Form spindle apparatus during cell division
◉ Centrosome:.
Answer: cytoplasm surrounding centriole
heart of the cytoskeleton
STUDY GUIDE COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS ANSWERS VERIFIED A+
◉ Cytosol.
Answer: intracellular fluid that dissolves materials (nutrients, ions,
proteins, and waste products)
High potassium (K+) and low sodium (Na+)
High protein
Low carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat
◉ Organelles.
Answer: structures with specific functions
◉ Nonmembranous organelles.
Answer: no membrane
direct contact with cytosol
include the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and
proteasomes
,◉ Membranous organelles.
Answer: covered with phospholipid membrane
isolated from cytosol by membrane
include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
peroxisomes, and mitochondria
◉ Six types of Nonmembranous organelles:.
Answer: 1. Cytoskeleton
2. Microvilli
3. Centrioles
4. Cilia
5. Ribosomes
6. Proteasomes
◉ The Cytoskeleton.
Answer: structural proteins for shape and strength
◉ Microfilaments.
Answer: thin filaments composed of the protein actin
,-Provide additional mechanical strength
-Interact with proteins for consistency of cytosol
-Pair with thick filaments of myosin for muscle movement
◉ Intermediate filaments.
Answer: mid-sized between microfilaments and microtubules
*Keratin* fibers in superficial layers of skin are intermediate filaments
-Durable
-Strengthen cell and maintain shape
-Stabilize organelles
-Stabilize cell position
◉ Microtubules.
Answer: Large, hollow tubes of *tubulin* protein
Attach to *centrosome* (microtubules organizing center) located close
to the nucleus
-Strengthen cell and anchor organelles
-Change cell shape
-Move vesicles within cell (kinesis and dynein - motor proteins that use
ATP to move vesicles along microtubules)
, Form spindle apparatus (moves chromosomes to opposite ends of the
cell during anaphase of cell division)
◉ Myosin proteins form:.
Answer: thick filaments in muscle tissue
◉ Microvilli:.
Answer: core composed of microfilaments
-increase plasma membrane surface area for absorption
-attach to cytoskeleton
◉ Centrioles :.
Answer: composed of microtubules
-Form spindle apparatus during cell division
◉ Centrosome:.
Answer: cytoplasm surrounding centriole
heart of the cytoskeleton
