NSG3280/ NSG 3280 Exam 4 (NEW 2026/ 2027 Update) Pathophysiology for Nurses I Guide| Questions & Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct - Galen

NSG3280/ NSG 3280 Exam 4 (NEW 2026/ 2027 Update) Pathophysiology for Nurses I Guide| Questions & Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct - Galen Q. Which of these STDS do you report to the local public health department? Select all that apply: A- HIV or Any STD B- Syphilis C- Chlamydia D- Gonorrhea ANSWER ABCD HIV or Any STD Syphilis Chlamydia Gonorrhea Q. What are the two most common STD's? Select 2: A-Syphilis B-PID C-chlamydia D-gonorrhea E-HIV ANSWER C D chlamydia and gonorrhea Q. What causes painful swelling and discharge in the vagina in women? ANSWER Gonorrhea Q. What causes painful swollen testicles and penile discharge in men? ANSWER Gonorrhea Q. What medication requires the patient to not have any alcohol 3 days after taking? ANSWER Vitamin C Clindamycin Penicillin Metronidazole Metronidazole Q. When should alcohol be avoided for metronidazole? ANSWER -1st 24 hours 72 hours after treatment -only 24 hours after treatment -never 1st 24 hours 72 hours after treatment Q. This disease causes warts that grow around the vulva, vagina, penis, and anal areas: ANSWER Human papilloma virus HIV Trichomoniasis AIDS Human papilloma virus Q. HPV warts should not be soaked with: ANSWER Alcohol Antiseptic solution Milk Iodine Antiseptic solution Q. Why should HPV warts not be soaked? ANSWER They are contagious and if touched or if they touch the healthy areas of skin it will transmit. They are gross They will pop They will grow larger They are contagious and if touched or if they touch the healthy areas of skin it will transmit. Q. HPV immunization should occur when: ANSWER Females are 11-26 Men are 12-21 Females are 10-23 Men are 11-26 Females are 12-21 Men are 5-30 Females are 15-21 Men are 18-25 Females are 11-26 Men are 12-21 Q. HPV immunization can also reduce the risk of what cancer? ANSWER Cervical Q. Is HPV reportable? ANSWER Yes No No Q. What medical management do we use for HPV? ANSWER Acyclovir Tylenol Metronidazole Podophyllin Podophyllin Q. Genital Herpes is treated with: ANSWER Acyclovir ALL the VIRS Antibiotics Penicillin Metronidazole Acyclovir ALL the VIRS Q. Genital Herpes is a ANSWER Viral STD Bacterial STD Viral STD Q. A patient with ----- can use warm water while they urinate to help with discomfort, Sitz bath, wearing loose comfortable clothing, and avoid having sex, and make sure to tell their partner what they have. ANSWER AIDS Genital Herpes syphilis gonorrhea Genital Herpes Q. This disease may or may not have symptoms and it will never be cured it will just be controlled: ANSWER AIDs Trichomoniasis Syphilis Genital Herpes Genital Herpes Q. Can herpes be transmitted asexually? ANSWER No yes Maybe Yes Q. A patient has Chancre, what disease causes that? ANSWER Primary Syphilis tertiary syphilis secondary syphilis latent syphilis Primary Syphilis Q. Patient has a rash on their trunk, extremities, and sores in mouth , what disease causes that? ANSWER tertiary syphilis primary syphilis Secondary Syphilis latent syphilis Secondary Syphilis Patient is starting to have neurological syphilis, what disease is that? latent syphilis primary syphilis Tertiary Syphilis secondary syphilis Tertiary Syphilis Patients with Hydroceles and swelling around testes may have to undergo a: Hydrocelectomy Drainage is normal and apply ice for the next 24-48 hours to reduce swelling Vasectomy Hydrocelectomy Varicocelectomy Spermatocelectomy Hydrocelectomy What do they prescribe a patient with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) that takes more than a month or several to start a reduction in symptoms? Finasteride Tamsulosin Flutamide Dutasteride Finasteride How do we know finasteride worked for a patient with BPH? Select all that apply: A-Sexual desire improved B-Decrease of prostate specific antigens C-Symptoms of urinary obstruction/retention decrease or go away ABC Sexual desire improved Decrease of prostate specific antigens Symptoms of urinary obstruction/retention decrease or go away What does a patient need after a prostatectomy or removal of prostate? Select all that apply: A-Urinary Catheter B-Encourage pt to get out of bed in chair (Can be delegated to AP) C-Measure intake and output (Can be delegated) ABC Urinary Catheter Encourage pt to get out of bed in chair (Can be delegated to AP) Measure intake and output (Can be delegated) What medication is given to BPH patients to help improve urine flow, and helps prostate muscles relax? Tamsulosin Finasteride Phentolamine Doxazosin Tamsulosin A patient with BPH will have a hard time Select all that apply: A-Urinating B-Starting stream C-Having bowel movements AB Urinating Starting stream What medication is given to BPH patients to relax the neck of bladder? Alfuzosin Tamsulosin Metronizidole Podophyillim Alfuzosin (All the zosins) What medication is given to BPH patients who need help with decrease in prostate swelling? tamsulosin Finasteride Ibuprofen Sildenafil Finasteride How long does finasteride take to take effect? Weeks to months Days to weeks 1 day right away weeks to months How do we know finasteride is working? PSA levels decrease PSA levels increase PSA levels stay the same PSA levels will decrease A patient that undergoes TURP (transurethral prostatectomy) removal of prostate may experience: rash that takes days to go away Urinary incontinence that takes weeks to go away warts that take hours to go away nothing Urinary incontinence that takes weeks to go away Why will patient become dehydrated with TURP? Just because fluid build up incontinence The patient may have incontinence, encourage patient to keep taking fluids. Patient who undergoes TURP (transurethral prostatectomy) must: Select all that apply: A-avoid carbonated and caffeinated beverages B-Avoid spices C-Be instructed to stop urine stream to strengthen sphincter control and D-don't limit fluid intake E-Avoid vigorous activities for first 2 months F-Walk after surgery G-Cough and deep breathe ABCDEFG avoid carbonated and caffeinated beverages Avoid spices Be instructed to stop urine stream to strengthen sphincter control and don't limit fluid intake Avoid vigorous activities for first 2 months Walk after surgery Cough and deep breathe Patient with Erectile dysfunction is prescribed which medicine and when should they take it? Sildenafil, take 2 hours before intercourse Sildenafil, take 30 minutes before intercourse Sildenafil, take 1 hour before intercourse Sildenafil, take one hour after intercourse Sildenafil, take 1 hour before intercourse What does sildenafil do to the vessels? vasodilation constriction Vasodilation What happens to the BP when taking sildenafil? Increase decreases Decreases It will be important to know that when a patient takes Sildenafil for erectile dysfunction the patient must: Have a normal sexual desire in order to help blood flow to penile area Not have any sexual desire in order for the medication to take effect Not take it 1 hour before intercourse Take something else to make the blood flow Have a normal sexual desire in order to help blood flow to penile area A patient with Prostate cancer may be prescribed : Select all that apply: A-Radiation therapy B-Brachytherapy C-Hormone therapy D-Surgical excision AB Radiation therapy Brachytherapy Should prostate treatment be prolonged? Yes No No What does it mean if PSA levels increase? Select all that apply: Nothing Menopause Cancer Infection Cancer, infection A patient with Brachytherapy for prostate cancer means: They have a radiation source placed near, under, or next to prostate for treatment. They must also stay away from pregnant women, children, and people Any person with cancer must be monitored by their: chemo markers tumor markers cancer markers blood pressure tumor markers Tumor marker show that cancer has been treated by Elevated tumor markers after 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year What are the two common cancer markers? Alpha 2- Fetoprotein (AFP) Beta-Hcg What does it mean if (AFP) and Beta-Hcg are elevated again? We need to monitor clinical manifestations since it means they could have the disease again. Kegel exercise is prescribed to patients who have: Select all that apply: A-Uterine prolapse B-Cystocele C-Rectocele ABC Uterine prolapse Cystocele Rectocele How to do Kegel exercises if trying to hold their urine: Tighten pelvic muscles for at least 10 seconds Then relax pelvic muscles for another 10 seconds Repeat for 30-80 minutes per day Don't sit on toilet Tighten pelvic muscles for at least 10 seconds Then relax pelvic muscles for another 10 seconds Repeat for 30-80 minutes per day Don't sit on toilet When does endometriosis cause pain? 3-5 days after menstrual start 3-5 days before menstrual start 3-5 weeks after menstrual start 3-5 months after menstrual start 3-5 days before menstrual start What is endometriosis? A mass is formed Abnormal tissue growth Extra organs Little organs Abnormal Tissue growth Signs and Symptoms of endometriosis: Diarrhea Painful diarrhea Painful bowel movements Dysmenorrhea Pelvic pain Abdominal bloating Diarrhea Painful diarrhea Painful bowel movements Dysmenorrhea Pelvic pain Abdominal bloating What is endometriosis controlled with? Therapy and surgery Therapy and surgery Is pregnancy possible with endometriosis? No Yes Yes 1 multiple choice option What does the treatment for endometriosis do? Cause a late menopause Cause early menopause Cause infertility Causes an early menopause What is endometriosis pain treated with? Nothing Prostaglandin inhibitors and analgesics Prostaglandin inhibitors and analgesics What is endometriosis treated with? Physiology of endometriosis the backflow of endometrial tissues and they grow outside the endometrial tissue Interventions of endometriosis Reduce pain level Instruct patient that fertility is possible Post menopausal women may have: Atrophic vaginitis What is atrophic vaginitis treated with? estrogen therapy to relieve the itchiness Is bacterial vaginosis an STD? No 1 multiple choice option Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids) are dependent on what hormones Progesterone Estrogen After menopause do fibroids shrink in size? Yes 1 multiple choice option What happens if fibroids start bleeding again? It may indicate disease is worsening What should be reported immediately in post-menopausal women? Any vaginal bleeding Leiomyoma is Benign 1 multiple choice option What is the deadliest cancer in women? Ovarian Cancer What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer? Select all that apply: First degree relatives older age Late menopause Obesity Late period How does ovarian cancer show up? Mass on ovaries abnormal cell growth pressure pain in the surrounding organs Pelvic pressure Pelvic pain Abdominal pain What drug do women with ovarian cancer take? Paclitaxal Plactiaxal does what? Wipe out wbc=leukopenia (Lowered WBC) How to reduce the risk of cervical cancer? HPV immunizations Don't start having intercourse until 18 Stop smoking Practice safe sex Avoid STDS A patient with rectocele may be prescribed? Pessary Kegel exercise docusate sodium S/S of rectocele? Discharge Itching odor Redness Burning Edema S/S of Hydrocele? Swelling Pain What are the most common risk factors for breast cancer? Gene mutation BRCA-1 Gene mutation BRCA-2 Along with race and ethnicity Is fibrocystic breast disease a risk factor for breast cancer? No What cancer presents with vaginal bleeding, pelvic pressure, and pelvic pain? Ovarian Cervical Endometrial Fibrocystic disease is like uterine leiomyomas they will shrink in size after menopause unless: Patient starts hormonal therapy Patients receiving chemotherapeutic medication should be monitored for what? Infection because of leukopenia (reduced wbc) Patient with leukopenia should be monitored for Bleeding from low platelets Hypotension How to do a breast exam Palpate the right upper quadrant and angle Look for dimpling, nodules, swelling, or discharge Bloody discharge = late/advanced stage Lumps/nodules = early stage What is done to confirm presence or absence of breast cancer? Guided ultrasound with fine needle aspiration to get biopsy. (X ray mammogram/ ultrasound) Patients with Axilla surgery/radical mastectomy should elevate their hand but avoid lifting objects greater than 10lbs What is ageism? stereotyping and discriminating against people due to age, more commonly elderly. Example: You are too old, you should retire? Elderly with chronic diseases should have only 1 PCP 1 Pharmacy supplier No drug-drug interactions Who do we report elder abuse to? The provider Our supervisor The hospital The family Our supervisor Signs of elder abuse: Select all that apply: Bruises pressure ulcers emancipation Coughing laughing Bruises pressure ulcers emancipation Negligence should always be reported Yes What is a sign of UTI or infection in elderly? Delirium What is not a normal part of aging? urinary incontinence (can be treated with pelvic exercises) What happens if patient is suddenly delirious after surgery? Patient will return to normal after a few hours or days What tests should elderly have done before starting a new medication? Liver and kidney function test What are normal age related changes? Difficulty hearing Decreased taste desire How to prevent drug toxicity? Double check medication dosage Check for duplicate orders When giving medication, what are the five rights to ask the patient? How they take their medication? Do they take it on time? Do they take it together? Do they take it the right away? What are the five A's of Alzheimer's Anomia: inability to remember names of things. Apraxia: Misusing objects due to not being able to identify them. Agnosia: Inability to recognize familiar objects, taste, sounds, senses. Amnesia: memory loss Aphasia: Inability to express oneself through speech. What interferes with day to day functioning and activities with Alzheimer's? Nothing the only thing impaired is memory. Now memory impairment can interfere with daily activities. As we age does our memory make us unable to do daily functions? Yes No No aging memory impairment still allows for daily functioning. What are the different geriatric syndromes? Orthostatic hypotension Pulse Urinary retention Delirium Difficulty walking Elderly people often report more: Hypertension and falls (these should be reported immediately) What to do if patient is at risk of aspiration? Change the food consistency How long is chronic pain? 1 day 5 days 2 weeks 3 months and up 3 months and up Self well-ordered Non-self Pathogens; external pathogens, internal pathogens (disordered self) Immune system consists of immune organs, immune cells, and immune proteins Physiologic responses of the immune system proper non-self recognition, effect immune responses, complete elimination, long lasting remembrance pathologic responses of the immune system hyperactive or hypoactive Hyperactivity autoimmunity, hypersentivity hypoactivity immune deficiencies, malignancies, infections Antigen provokes weak or no IR, can reface iwht IR products, produces weak or no memory Immunogen provokes strong immune responses, can react with immune responses products, produces a long lasting memory Hapten non-immunogenic epitope, requires a carrier protein to create hasten-carrier conjugate Immunogen criteria degree of foreignness, size and molecular weight, chemical nature/complexitiy, ability to degrade, dose, route of presentation primary immune organs thymus and bone marrow secondary immune organs lymph nodes, peers patches, tonsils, appendix Specific immune cells B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes non specific immune cells phagocytes, Ag presenting cells (APC), NKC lymphoid stem cells turn into lymphoblasts, either large granular lymphocytes (NKCS) or small granular lymphocytes which can become B or T cells T lymphocytes differentiate to T helper, T cytotoxic, T suppressors cells B lymphocytes differentiate to plasma cells Specific immune cells T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, T suppressor cells, B cells Non specific immune cells neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, NKCs humoral immune response The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids. (B cells to plasma cells) Cell-mediated immune repsonses Respond to intracellular pathogens and abnormal body cells Common intracellular pathogens are viruses The response is also effective against cancer cells, intracellular protozoa, and intracellular bacteria (T lymphocytes to T helper, T suppressor, and T cytotoxic cells) B cell surface markers CD3+ and Ag R T helper cells markers CD3+, CD4+(ID), TCR T cytotoxic markers CD3+, CD8+(ID), TCR NKC cell markers CD3+, CD18+ T suppressor cell markers CD3+, CD4+,FoxP3(ID),CD25 non specific immune proteins (innate) cytokines, interferons, complement proteins, immune regulatory proteins Specific proteins (Adaptive) immunoglobulins (Ig), Antibodies (Ab) Innate immune response immediate, simple, non-specific, memory absent adaptive immune response gradual, complicated, specific, memory present major cytokines IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IL-6, IL-16, TNF, interferon IL-1 increases body temp, activation of T helper cells and APCs IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 activation of cytotoxic T cells and B cells IL-6 activation of cytotoxic T cells and NKCs IL-16 activation of inflammatory cells TNF local inflammation Interferon NKC activation, inhibition of viral infection, activation of APCs Interferon interfere with viral replication, activate B and T lymphocytes, activate APCs and NKCs, increasing the expression of self and communication markers Type 1 interferon alpha or beta, secreted by any cell upon stimulation of a virus, induce viral resistance in cells Type 2 interferon gamma, secreted only by immune cells (NKCs and T cytotoxic), primary function is to induce microbial resistant and anti tumor growth in cells type 1 functions P53 mediated apoptosis, activation of immune cells, degradation of viral mRNA, viral proteins, and inhibition of translation Primary immune response Immune response the first time the body is exposed to a particular antigen. . secondary immune response Immune response after the body has already been exposed to a specific antigen. Response is faster, of greater magnitude, and more prolonged. Lag phase "flat" period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth Immune response phase antibody production plateau phase decline phase symptoms subside, secondary infection may occur