Primary Barriers - ANSWER Physical barriers that act as the first part of the immune sys-
tem, including skin, mucous membranes, and expulsion (coughing, sneezing, urinating, vom-
iting, etc.).
Innate Immunity - ANSWER The second area of the immune system that is non-specific,
spontaneous, and reactive. Includes phagocytes, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and neu-
trophils.
Adaptive Immunity - ANSWER The third area of the immune system that is specific, has
memory, and adapts to and recognizes specific antigens. Memory occurs through B cells and
T cells.
Immunosenescence - ANSWER Naturally waning immunity that occurs as part of the age-
ing process
What is the most common cause of acute GI infection in LTC? - ANSWER Norovirus
What is the incubation and infectious period for norovirus? - ANSWER Incubation = 2
days
Infectious = up to 10 days
What is the leading cause of death amongst LTC residents? - ANSWER Influenza
What is the incubation and infectious period for influenza? - ANSWER Incubation = 1 day
Infectious = up to 5 days
1
, What are the 10 ethical principles in LTC related to IPAC? - ANSWER 1. Beneficence
2. Non-maleficence
3. Futility of treatment
4. Confidentiality
5. Autonomy and informed consent
6. Physician-patient relationship
7. Truth telling
8. Justice
9. Non-abandonment
10. Limited resources
Beneficence - ANSWER • Do right ("good") by the patient.
• The physician's main concern is the welfare of the patient.
• Do what is medically helpful.
Non-maleficence - ANSWER • Avoiding harm.
• Implement effective non-hospital treatment when possible (due to complications that can
arise during hospitalization of elderly patients).
• Withhold diagnostic work-up or treatment when intervention is unlikely to result in mean-
ingful survival or patient well-being.
Futility of treatment - ANSWER • Treatment should be consistent with the patient's (clini-
cally realistic) goals.
• Assess each case individually so as to determine whether treatment would be beneficial.
• Avoid interventions that would not benefit the patient and/or prolong suffering.
• Physician's role as an educator helps clarify issues.
Confidentiality - ANSWER • Complete and absolute confidentiality is the underlying
tenet.
2
tem, including skin, mucous membranes, and expulsion (coughing, sneezing, urinating, vom-
iting, etc.).
Innate Immunity - ANSWER The second area of the immune system that is non-specific,
spontaneous, and reactive. Includes phagocytes, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and neu-
trophils.
Adaptive Immunity - ANSWER The third area of the immune system that is specific, has
memory, and adapts to and recognizes specific antigens. Memory occurs through B cells and
T cells.
Immunosenescence - ANSWER Naturally waning immunity that occurs as part of the age-
ing process
What is the most common cause of acute GI infection in LTC? - ANSWER Norovirus
What is the incubation and infectious period for norovirus? - ANSWER Incubation = 2
days
Infectious = up to 10 days
What is the leading cause of death amongst LTC residents? - ANSWER Influenza
What is the incubation and infectious period for influenza? - ANSWER Incubation = 1 day
Infectious = up to 5 days
1
, What are the 10 ethical principles in LTC related to IPAC? - ANSWER 1. Beneficence
2. Non-maleficence
3. Futility of treatment
4. Confidentiality
5. Autonomy and informed consent
6. Physician-patient relationship
7. Truth telling
8. Justice
9. Non-abandonment
10. Limited resources
Beneficence - ANSWER • Do right ("good") by the patient.
• The physician's main concern is the welfare of the patient.
• Do what is medically helpful.
Non-maleficence - ANSWER • Avoiding harm.
• Implement effective non-hospital treatment when possible (due to complications that can
arise during hospitalization of elderly patients).
• Withhold diagnostic work-up or treatment when intervention is unlikely to result in mean-
ingful survival or patient well-being.
Futility of treatment - ANSWER • Treatment should be consistent with the patient's (clini-
cally realistic) goals.
• Assess each case individually so as to determine whether treatment would be beneficial.
• Avoid interventions that would not benefit the patient and/or prolong suffering.
• Physician's role as an educator helps clarify issues.
Confidentiality - ANSWER • Complete and absolute confidentiality is the underlying
tenet.
2
