NR 546 Advanced
Pharmacology 2026/2027 Test
Bank with Solution
Lithium
Anticonvulsants
Second generation antipsychotics - ANSWER-Pharmacologic Treatment of Bipolar
Disorder
major depressive disorder (MDD)
one of the most common mental disorders
-Approximately 7.1% of adults in the U.S. had episode in last year, prevalence
highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25
S/S
-depressed mood
-loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities
-irritability
-withdrawal
-problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth
,-severe depression: may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic symptoms. -
ANSWER-Unipolar depression
Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and
ability to function
-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed mood or
psychotic features
-many have only experienced only one manic episode in their lifetime
-Mood fluctuations may be separated by periods of high stability or may cycle
rapidly
-diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a
history of one or more major depressive episodes
-high risk for suicide - ANSWER-Bipolar disorder (BD)
characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. Related
symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-directed activity or
energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness,
racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI), distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a
propensity to be involved in high-risk activities. Mania leads to significant
functional impairment and may include psychotic features or necessitate
hospitalization - ANSWER-mania
requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or any duration if
hospitalization due to symptoms is required) - ANSWER-Bipolar Type I:
diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current or past
major depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer than seven.
,-Hypomanic symptoms are not of sufficient duration or severity to cause
significant functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization.
-Anger and irritability are common.
-Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report these
symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client presents in the
depression phase. - ANSWER-Bipolar Type II:
involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do
not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive or manic/hypomanic
episode. - ANSWER-Cyclothymia:
antidepressant therapy may precipitate a manic episode or induce rapid-cycling
bipolar depression
-may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in children and
adults younger than 25 - ANSWER-If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD:
monotherapy
-Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the onset
of a hypomanic or manic episode - ANSWER-Antidepressants are used cautiously
in clients with bipolar disorder and never as ________________.
Decreased positive affect:
depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
, decreased alertness
decreased self-confidence
appetite changes - ANSWER-DA, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related
symptoms
Increased negative affect:
depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes - ANSWER-5HT, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related
symptoms
-depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three monoamine
transmitters
• serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
-while mania may result from an excess - ANSWER-monoamine hypothesis of
depression
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
• Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRI)
Pharmacology 2026/2027 Test
Bank with Solution
Lithium
Anticonvulsants
Second generation antipsychotics - ANSWER-Pharmacologic Treatment of Bipolar
Disorder
major depressive disorder (MDD)
one of the most common mental disorders
-Approximately 7.1% of adults in the U.S. had episode in last year, prevalence
highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25
S/S
-depressed mood
-loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities
-irritability
-withdrawal
-problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth
,-severe depression: may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic symptoms. -
ANSWER-Unipolar depression
Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and
ability to function
-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed mood or
psychotic features
-many have only experienced only one manic episode in their lifetime
-Mood fluctuations may be separated by periods of high stability or may cycle
rapidly
-diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a
history of one or more major depressive episodes
-high risk for suicide - ANSWER-Bipolar disorder (BD)
characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. Related
symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-directed activity or
energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness,
racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI), distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a
propensity to be involved in high-risk activities. Mania leads to significant
functional impairment and may include psychotic features or necessitate
hospitalization - ANSWER-mania
requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or any duration if
hospitalization due to symptoms is required) - ANSWER-Bipolar Type I:
diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current or past
major depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer than seven.
,-Hypomanic symptoms are not of sufficient duration or severity to cause
significant functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization.
-Anger and irritability are common.
-Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report these
symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client presents in the
depression phase. - ANSWER-Bipolar Type II:
involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do
not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive or manic/hypomanic
episode. - ANSWER-Cyclothymia:
antidepressant therapy may precipitate a manic episode or induce rapid-cycling
bipolar depression
-may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in children and
adults younger than 25 - ANSWER-If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD:
monotherapy
-Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the onset
of a hypomanic or manic episode - ANSWER-Antidepressants are used cautiously
in clients with bipolar disorder and never as ________________.
Decreased positive affect:
depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
, decreased alertness
decreased self-confidence
appetite changes - ANSWER-DA, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related
symptoms
Increased negative affect:
depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes - ANSWER-5HT, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related
symptoms
-depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three monoamine
transmitters
• serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
-while mania may result from an excess - ANSWER-monoamine hypothesis of
depression
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
• Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRI)
