BIO 148 Biodiversity Exam Solved 100% A+ Pass

BIO 148 Biodiversity Exam Solved 100% A+ Pass Which of the following were present in the common ancestor of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya? A. proteins B. RNA C. DNA D. answers a and b are correct E. answers a, b and c are correct - Answer- E. answers a, b and c are correct - all living things have to have RNA bc all living things have ribosomes, which are made up of RNA all living things can be divided into.. - Answer- prokaryotes and eukaryotes prokaryotes _______ (do/don't) have membrane bound organelles - Answer- do not - no nucleus!! - have cell walls and plasma membranes bacteria are ... - Answer- prokaryotes - first living things - found everywhere and also inside and on many other living things - single celled archaea are... - Answer- prokaryotes - single celled - more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria (in terms of transcription and translation) which are evolutionarily more closely related? A. bacteria and Archaea B. archaea and eukaryotes C. bacteria and eukaryotes - Answer- B. archaea and eukaryotes a lot of archaea are ______________, meaning they love extreme environments - Answer- extremophiles - high temps / pressures eukaryotes - Answer- - do have membrane bound organelles with slight differences in plant and animal cells - have nucleus, mitochondria - have plasma membrane - single AND multicellular organisms location of DNA in bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes) - Answer- in nucleoid (NOT membrane bound), sometimes plasmids (ring of DNA) location of DNA in eukaryotes - Answer- inside nucleus (membrane bounds) internal membranes and organelles in bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes) - Answer- some photsynthetic species have internal membranes, limited numbers and types of organelles internal membranes and organelles in eukaryotes - Answer- large #s and types of organelles cytoskeleton in bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes) - Answer- limited cytoskeleton in eukaryotes - Answer- extensive and found throughout the volume of the cell overall size in bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes) - Answer- usually small compared to eukaryotes (single celled) overall size in eukaryotes - Answer- most are larger than prokaryotes (single of multicellular) evidence for the 3 domain system - Answer- Carl Woese - compare rRNA sequence at the same location in all living beings earth: 4.6 billion years ago life began ... - Answer- 3.8 billion years ago protists are considered.. - Answer- type of eukaryotes anaerobic - Answer- do not need oxygen for their metabolism rotating flagella present in... - Answer- prokaryotes but not eukaryotes plasma membrane lipids composed of glycerol bonded to unbranched fatty acids by ester linkages... - Answer- true for bacteria and eukaryotes, NOT archaea cell walls, when present, contain peptidoglycan... - Answer- ONLY bacteria have it RNA polymerase composed of more than 10 subunits.. - Answer- Yes for archaea & eukaryotes, NOT bacteria translation initiated w/ methionine - Answer- Yes for archaea & eukaryotes, NO for bacteria which is a major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? A. all Es are multicellular, all Ps are unicellular B. Ps include bacteria and protists, Es include all other organisms C. P cells are larger than E cells D. E cells have a membrane bound nucleus, P cells do not E. A and D - Answer- D. E cells have a membrane bound nucleus, P cells do not - P cell's DNA is in nucleoids or plasmids first organisms on earth.. - Answer- all prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) - most extremophiles. - bacteria were still first though, then archaea different ______________ in the plasma membrane of archaea and bacteria - Answer- phospholipids hydrophobic fatty acid tails face.. - Answer- inside of bilayer hydrophilic phosphate heads face.. - Answer- outside of bilayer bacteria have __________ in their cell walls while archaea do not (and Es don't either) - Answer- peptidoglycan - location of them tell doctors which antibiotic to prescribe peptidoglycan - Answer- - outside of plasma membrane - gives support to the cell prokaryotic reproduction steps - Answer- 1. chromosome replicates (chromosome = 1 DNA molecule initially -- 2) 2. chromosome copies separate as cell wall lengthens 3. cell membrane pinches in 4. septum/ new wall grows 5. cells divide prokaryotes reproduce by ... - Answer- MITOSIS - asexual ___________ are the most abundant type pf organism on Earth - Answer- prokaryotes ___________ are the most species-diverse group on earth - Answer- prokaryotes how are prokaryotes diverse? - Answer- - size - mobility - shape - metabolism types of shape - Answer- rod spheres spirals chains prokaryotic diversity can be largely explained by their.... - Answer- metabolism how do prokayotes make ATP? - Answer- either by light energy (*photosynthesis*) OR by organic & by inorganic compounds (*chemosynthesis*) how do prokaryotes obtain building block molecules: compounds w/ C-C bonds - Answer- *autotrophs* (make their own food/energy) OR *heterotrophs* (get their energy from other sources) differences between bacteria and archaea: DNA packaging - Answer- - both found in nucleoids (no membrane) - bacteria: DNA is *supercoiled* - archaea: supercoiling as well as proteins called *histones* that help wind the DNA are histones found in eukaryotes? - Answer- yes! anotherl ink between them and archaea differences between bacteria and archaea: cell wall - Answer- - bacteria: peptidoglycan - archaea: no peptidoglycan differences between bacteria and archaea: transcription - Answer- - bacteria: occurs in small subunits - archaea: occurs in larger subunits differences between bacteria and archaea: translation - Answer- - bacteria: initiated by another amino acid, NOT methonine - archaea: initiated by MET 2 types of archaea (excluding extremophiles) - Answer- 1. methanogens 2. thermoacidophiles methanogens - Answer- - type of archaea produce methane as a byproduct of metabolism - inside of animals bodies (ex. cows / deers) - wetlands marsh gases - marine sediments - hot springs - deep sea vents thermoacidophiles - Answer- - type of archaea - grow in high temperates and low pH (acids) - hot springs - deep sea vents - regions of geothermal activity how do we classify bacteria? - Answer- by the types of peptidoglycan in their cell walls 2 types of bacteria - Answer- 1. gram positive 2. gram negative gram positive bacteria - Answer- cell wall w/ extensive peptidoglycan gram negative bacteria - Answer- cell wall has thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by phospholipid layer gram positive turns ... - Answer- purple - bc of peptidoglycan interacting with stain gram negative turns... - Answer- pink - bc of phospholipid interacting with stain antibiotic treatments in terms of peptidoglycans - Answer- - some antibiotics like penicillin act on peptidoglycan - prevents peptidoglycan formations - this causes cells to "burst" due to lack of structure which types of bacteria can be killed by penicillin? A. gram positive B. gram negative C. all types of bacteria - Answer- A. gram positive - bc can only burst those bacteria cells with extensive peptidoglycan in their walls (which is illustrated by purple "gram positive" test) then how are gram negative bacteria controlled? - Answer- - antibiotics that target the ribosomes - cell doesn't get proteins it needs and dies or can't reproduce