BIO 148 Unit 4 Exam A+ Pass 2026
Brand New!!
Atavism - Answer- the reappearance in an individual of characteristics of some remote
ancestor that have been absent in intervening generations
Clade - Answer- a grouping on a phylogenetic tree that includes a common ancestor
and all the descendants of that ancestor.
Developmental homology - Answer- A similarity in embryonic form, or in the fate of
embryonic tissues, that is due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
Evolution - Answer- The theory that all organisms on Earth are related by common
ancestry and that they have
changed over time, predominantly via natural selection
Adaptation - Answer- Any heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual with
that trait, compared with individuals without that trait, in a particular environment.
Artificial Selection - Answer- A process in which humans consciously select for or
against particular features in organisms. This process causes evolutionary change in
the organism and is analogous to natural selection,
only with humans, not nature, doing the selecting.
Fitness - Answer- The relative ability of an individual to produce viable, fertile offspring
compared with other individuals in the same population.
Fossil - Answer- any trace of an organism that existed in the past. Includes tracks,
burrows, fossilized bones, casts, etc.
Gene duplication - Answer- Any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene. It
is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during
molecular evolution.
Genetic homology - Answer- Similarities in DNA sequences or amino acid sequences
that are due to inheritance from
a common ancestor.
Homology - Answer- Similarity among organisms of different species due to their
inheritance from a common ancestor. Features that exhibit such similarity (e.g., DNA
sequences, proteins, body parts) are said to be homologous
,Natural Selection - Answer- The process by which individuals with certain heritable traits
tend to produce more surviving offspring than do individuals without those traits, often
leading to a change in the genetic makeup of the population.
Phylogeny - Answer- The evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Pseudogene - Answer- DNA sequences similar to normal genes but non-functional; they
are regarded as defunct
relatives of functional genes.
Speciation - Answer- The evolution of two or more distinct species from a single
ancestral species
Structural homology - Answer- Similarities in organismal structures (e.g., limbs, shells,
flowers) that are due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
Theory - Answer- An explanation for a broad class of phenomena that is supported by a
wide body of evidence.
Vestige - Answer- Any rudimentary structure of unknown or minimal function that is
homologous to functioning structures in other species.
Observations about the Galapagos - Answer- most of the organic productions are
aboriginal creations found nowhere else. difference between inhabitants of different
islands. All show a relationship with those of America.
Special creation - Answer- 1. All species are independent in the sense of being
unrelated to each other
2. Life on Earth is young-perhaps just 6000 years old
3. Species are immutable, or incapable of change. (specially created in its own form).
Lamarck's theory of evolution - Answer- evolution is progressive. It produces larger and
more complex species. Species change through time via the inheritance of acquired
traits. Uses and disuse/desire for a trait.
Charles Lyell - Answer- Uniformitarianism. The earth was shaped by the same
processes still in operation today. gradual changes over time. geological time scale (the
earth is very old). Led to Darwin's ideas about how life forms change.
Fossils - Answer- The preserved remains or traces of organisms that once lived on
Earth.
fossil record - Answer- the millions of fossils that scientists have collected
Living specimens of fossils were not found anywhere on Earth. This means - Answer-
species are disappearing.
, resemblance between fossils and living species were found in the same geographic
areas. - Answer- True
Darwin: had string evidence that species had ______ over time. - Answer- changed
Artificial Selection - Answer- Those with the best traits are allowed to reproduce.
Elimination of unwanted traits. Humans produce populations and individuals with
specific traits.
Darwin and Wallace's theory emphasized that change through time occurs because
traits _______ among the individuals in a _________. - Answer- vary; population
individuals with certain ______________ traits produce more offspring than other do. -
Answer- heritable
species are not static and unchanging. - Answer- true
replaced special creation with - Answer- population thinking
populations change over time. - Answer- evolution
Darwin described evolution as descent with - Answer- modification
species that lived in the past are the ___________ of the species existing today. -
Answer- ancestors
species ______ through time. Idea of common descent. - Answer- change
Characteristics of evolution by natural selection - Answer- -variation in traits
-heritable traits
-some individuals are more successful at survival and reproduction (competition for
resources)
-individuals that succeed do so because of having certain traits passed on to offspring.
traits that are advantageous to an organism _______ in frequency over time. - Answer-
increase
preferential survival and reproduction (or elimination) of individuals with - Answer-
particular traits
Are individuals that survive best and produce the most offspring a random sample of the
population? - Answer- No
Brand New!!
Atavism - Answer- the reappearance in an individual of characteristics of some remote
ancestor that have been absent in intervening generations
Clade - Answer- a grouping on a phylogenetic tree that includes a common ancestor
and all the descendants of that ancestor.
Developmental homology - Answer- A similarity in embryonic form, or in the fate of
embryonic tissues, that is due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
Evolution - Answer- The theory that all organisms on Earth are related by common
ancestry and that they have
changed over time, predominantly via natural selection
Adaptation - Answer- Any heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual with
that trait, compared with individuals without that trait, in a particular environment.
Artificial Selection - Answer- A process in which humans consciously select for or
against particular features in organisms. This process causes evolutionary change in
the organism and is analogous to natural selection,
only with humans, not nature, doing the selecting.
Fitness - Answer- The relative ability of an individual to produce viable, fertile offspring
compared with other individuals in the same population.
Fossil - Answer- any trace of an organism that existed in the past. Includes tracks,
burrows, fossilized bones, casts, etc.
Gene duplication - Answer- Any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene. It
is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during
molecular evolution.
Genetic homology - Answer- Similarities in DNA sequences or amino acid sequences
that are due to inheritance from
a common ancestor.
Homology - Answer- Similarity among organisms of different species due to their
inheritance from a common ancestor. Features that exhibit such similarity (e.g., DNA
sequences, proteins, body parts) are said to be homologous
,Natural Selection - Answer- The process by which individuals with certain heritable traits
tend to produce more surviving offspring than do individuals without those traits, often
leading to a change in the genetic makeup of the population.
Phylogeny - Answer- The evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Pseudogene - Answer- DNA sequences similar to normal genes but non-functional; they
are regarded as defunct
relatives of functional genes.
Speciation - Answer- The evolution of two or more distinct species from a single
ancestral species
Structural homology - Answer- Similarities in organismal structures (e.g., limbs, shells,
flowers) that are due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
Theory - Answer- An explanation for a broad class of phenomena that is supported by a
wide body of evidence.
Vestige - Answer- Any rudimentary structure of unknown or minimal function that is
homologous to functioning structures in other species.
Observations about the Galapagos - Answer- most of the organic productions are
aboriginal creations found nowhere else. difference between inhabitants of different
islands. All show a relationship with those of America.
Special creation - Answer- 1. All species are independent in the sense of being
unrelated to each other
2. Life on Earth is young-perhaps just 6000 years old
3. Species are immutable, or incapable of change. (specially created in its own form).
Lamarck's theory of evolution - Answer- evolution is progressive. It produces larger and
more complex species. Species change through time via the inheritance of acquired
traits. Uses and disuse/desire for a trait.
Charles Lyell - Answer- Uniformitarianism. The earth was shaped by the same
processes still in operation today. gradual changes over time. geological time scale (the
earth is very old). Led to Darwin's ideas about how life forms change.
Fossils - Answer- The preserved remains or traces of organisms that once lived on
Earth.
fossil record - Answer- the millions of fossils that scientists have collected
Living specimens of fossils were not found anywhere on Earth. This means - Answer-
species are disappearing.
, resemblance between fossils and living species were found in the same geographic
areas. - Answer- True
Darwin: had string evidence that species had ______ over time. - Answer- changed
Artificial Selection - Answer- Those with the best traits are allowed to reproduce.
Elimination of unwanted traits. Humans produce populations and individuals with
specific traits.
Darwin and Wallace's theory emphasized that change through time occurs because
traits _______ among the individuals in a _________. - Answer- vary; population
individuals with certain ______________ traits produce more offspring than other do. -
Answer- heritable
species are not static and unchanging. - Answer- true
replaced special creation with - Answer- population thinking
populations change over time. - Answer- evolution
Darwin described evolution as descent with - Answer- modification
species that lived in the past are the ___________ of the species existing today. -
Answer- ancestors
species ______ through time. Idea of common descent. - Answer- change
Characteristics of evolution by natural selection - Answer- -variation in traits
-heritable traits
-some individuals are more successful at survival and reproduction (competition for
resources)
-individuals that succeed do so because of having certain traits passed on to offspring.
traits that are advantageous to an organism _______ in frequency over time. - Answer-
increase
preferential survival and reproduction (or elimination) of individuals with - Answer-
particular traits
Are individuals that survive best and produce the most offspring a random sample of the
population? - Answer- No
