Bio 148 units 1-6 Exam (2025 / 2026) Actual Questions and Verified Answers, Guarantee Pass

Bio 148 units 1-6 Exam (2025 / 2026) Actual Questions and Verified Answers, Guarantee Pass What does DECREE stand for in the context of characteristics of life? - Answer- D = DNA, E = Energy, C = Cells, R = Respond to environment, R = Reproduction, E = Evolution What is the definition of evolution? - Answer- Change in heritable traits in a population over generations. What are the three requirements for natural selection? - Answer- Variation, Heredity, Differential survival/reproduction. What does a phylogeny illustrate? - Answer- Evolutionary relationships among organisms. Define synapomorphy. - Answer- A shared trait from a common ancestor. What are the three domains of life? - Answer- Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes. What is a prokaryotic cell? - Answer- A cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. List the main components of prokaryotic cells. - Answer- Cell membrane, Cell wall, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Circular DNA. What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells? - Answer- Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. What is the central dogma of molecular biology? - Answer- DNA → RNA → Protein. What is a nucleotide composed of? - Answer- Phosphate group, Deoxyribose sugar, Nitrogenous base. What are the base-pairing rules for DNA? - Answer- A pairs with T and C pairs with G. What is Chargaff's rule? - Answer- A = T and C = G in DNA. What is the process of DNA replication? - Answer- The copying of DNA before cell division. What is semiconservative replication? - Answer- Each new DNA molecule contains one old parent strand and one new daughter strand. What role does helicase play in DNA replication? - Answer- It unwinds and separates the DNA strands. What is the function of DNA polymerase? - Answer- It adds new DNA nucleotides during replication. What are sister chromatids? - Answer- Identical copies of a chromosome made during the S phase. What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle? - Answer- The cell grows and duplicates organelles, ribosomes, and proteins. What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle? - Answer- DNA is replicated, resulting in chromosomes with two sister chromatids. What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription? - Answer- It builds RNA from a DNA template. What is the difference between the coding strand and the template strand in DNA? - Answer- The coding strand matches the RNA sequence, while the template strand is read by RNA polymerase. What is a promoter in the context of gene expression? - Answer- A DNA region where transcription machinery binds to initiate transcription. What are general transcription factors? - Answer- Proteins that assist RNA polymerase in binding to the promoter. Why is gene regulation important? - Answer- Different cells express different genes, allowing for specialization. What is the function of ligase during DNA replication? - Answer- It connects fragments on the lagging strand. What occurs during cytokinesis? - Answer- The cell membrane pinches in to form two identical daughter cells. What is the process of RNA processing in eukaryotes? - Answer- RNA processing includes adding a 5' cap, a poly-A tail, removing introns, and joining exons to form mature mRNA. What is the role of tRNA in translation? - Answer- tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, with each tRNA having an anticodon that pairs with the mRNA codon.