FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY JEFFREY
C EXAM PREPARATION PACK 2026 KEY
CONCEPTS AND REVISION NOTES
◉ Kochs postulates. Answer: 1. microbe always present in diseased
host and absent in healthy
2. microbe is isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture
(no other present)
3. introduce pure microbe into healthy host (becomes sick)
4. same microbe re-isolated from sick individual
◉ Edward Jenner. Answer: vaccination, cowpox to prevent smallpox
◉ Louis Pasteur (vaccinations). Answer: developed first vaccines
using weakened strains
◉ immunization. Answer: stimulation of immune response by
deliberate inoculation
◉ ignaz semmelweiz. Answer: wash hands with antiseptic (chlorine)
,◉ francesco redi. Answer: controlled experiments to disprove
spontaneous generation (meat and flies/maggots)
◉ joseph lister. Answer: carbolic acid (phenol) to treat woulds and
clean surgical instruments
◉ alexander fleming. Answer: discovered penicillium mold makes
substance that kills bacteria
◉ florey and chain. Answer: purified penicillin, first commercial
antibiotic
◉ Dimitri Ivanovsky. Answer: viruses can pass through filter that
blocks bacteria
◉ Sergei Winogradsky. Answer: discovered Beggiatoa oxidizes H2S,
discovered chemolithotrophs, developed enrichment cultures
(selective media) called winogradsky column
◉ chemolithotrophs. Answer: metabolize inorganic minerals instead
of organic nutrients
◉ geochemical cycling. Answer: depends on bacteria and archaea
that cycle nitrogen, phosphorus, etc throughout biosphere
, ◉ endosymbionts. Answer: microbes that live within host and
provide essential functions for host
◉ rhizobia. Answer: fix nitrogen inside a root nodule for a legume.
Martinus Beijerinck first discovered this
◉ copeland. Answer: separated eukaryotes (protozoa and algae)
from prokaryotes
◉ lynn margulis. Answer: endosymbiont theory
◉ carl woese. Answer: discovered archaea, can grow under
conditions that bacteria and eukaryotes cant, produce methane
◉ archaea. Answer: resemble bacteria cellular structure, produce
methane, different from bacteria genetically
◉ 3 domains. Answer: bacteria, archaea, eukarya
◉ electron microscope. Answer: focuses beam of electrons
C EXAM PREPARATION PACK 2026 KEY
CONCEPTS AND REVISION NOTES
◉ Kochs postulates. Answer: 1. microbe always present in diseased
host and absent in healthy
2. microbe is isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture
(no other present)
3. introduce pure microbe into healthy host (becomes sick)
4. same microbe re-isolated from sick individual
◉ Edward Jenner. Answer: vaccination, cowpox to prevent smallpox
◉ Louis Pasteur (vaccinations). Answer: developed first vaccines
using weakened strains
◉ immunization. Answer: stimulation of immune response by
deliberate inoculation
◉ ignaz semmelweiz. Answer: wash hands with antiseptic (chlorine)
,◉ francesco redi. Answer: controlled experiments to disprove
spontaneous generation (meat and flies/maggots)
◉ joseph lister. Answer: carbolic acid (phenol) to treat woulds and
clean surgical instruments
◉ alexander fleming. Answer: discovered penicillium mold makes
substance that kills bacteria
◉ florey and chain. Answer: purified penicillin, first commercial
antibiotic
◉ Dimitri Ivanovsky. Answer: viruses can pass through filter that
blocks bacteria
◉ Sergei Winogradsky. Answer: discovered Beggiatoa oxidizes H2S,
discovered chemolithotrophs, developed enrichment cultures
(selective media) called winogradsky column
◉ chemolithotrophs. Answer: metabolize inorganic minerals instead
of organic nutrients
◉ geochemical cycling. Answer: depends on bacteria and archaea
that cycle nitrogen, phosphorus, etc throughout biosphere
, ◉ endosymbionts. Answer: microbes that live within host and
provide essential functions for host
◉ rhizobia. Answer: fix nitrogen inside a root nodule for a legume.
Martinus Beijerinck first discovered this
◉ copeland. Answer: separated eukaryotes (protozoa and algae)
from prokaryotes
◉ lynn margulis. Answer: endosymbiont theory
◉ carl woese. Answer: discovered archaea, can grow under
conditions that bacteria and eukaryotes cant, produce methane
◉ archaea. Answer: resemble bacteria cellular structure, produce
methane, different from bacteria genetically
◉ 3 domains. Answer: bacteria, archaea, eukarya
◉ electron microscope. Answer: focuses beam of electrons
