MICRO 401 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Tropism - Answers - Preference of pathogen for specific host (or tissue)
Dysbiosis - Answers - Disruption of microbiota
Virulence factors - Answers - Toxins, Immune system evasion, adhesion, nutrient
acquisition, invasion
Pathogenicity - Answers - ability of a microorganism to cause disease
Virulence - Answers - degree (or extent) of disease that a pathogen causes
virulence factors def - Answers - ways pathogens overcome host defenses
attenuated - Answers - still infectious, but does not cause disease
infectious dose-50 - Answers - # needed to establish infection in 50% susceptible hosts
Lethal Dose-50% (LD50) - Answers - The dose that is lethal to 50 percent of the
population
toxins - Answers - Molecules that generate adverse effects in low conc.
Toxigenic organisms - Answers - organisms that make toxins
toxemia - Answers - toxin in bloodstream
Endotoxins - Answers - Lipid A region of LPS on Gram-neg cells
Mainly released when cell dies
Fever, chills, body aches, low blood pressure, vomitting, inflammation
Higher levels: septic shock, death
Not readily neutralized
No effective vaccines or therapies
Exotoxins - Answers - Toxic, soluble proteins
made by both gram-neg and pos bacteria
often named for organism or type of cells targeted
Type I toxins - Answers - Membrane acting do not enter
Type II toxins - Answers - Damage host membranes
Type III toxins - Answers - Intracellular AB toxins
, Five steps to infection - Answers - pathogen enters host, pathogen adheres to host
tissue, pathogen must invade tissues and obtain nutrients, pathogen must evade host
immune defenses in order to replicate, pathogen must be transmitted to new host
siderophores - Answers - iron binding complexes
cytopathic effects - Answers - damaging or killing of host cells
latency - Answers - ability of pathogen to exist inside a host
antigen masking - Answers - takes materials from host cells and covers itself in them
antigen mimicry - Answers - antigen makes human proteins
antigen variation - Answers - pathogen switches its antigens confusing immune system
BSL-1 - Answers - no special precautions
BSL-2 - Answers - lab coat, gloves, eye protection
BSL-3 - Answers - lab coat, gloves, respirators, PPE at all times, monitoring workers
BSL-4 - Answers - sealed, negative pressure; "hot zone"
-exhaust air is filtered twice through HEPA filters
hygiene hypothesis - Answers - suggests that limiting exposure to pathogens may lower
immune tolerance and the ability to cope with harmless antigens
immunogenicity - Answers - Ability of pathogens to induce an adaptive immune
response
antigenicity - Answers - ability to be specifically recognized by T cell receptors or
antibodies as a result of an immune response
complete antigens - Answers - Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids
Haptens (incomplete antigens) - Answers - Small molecules, such as peptides,
nucleotides, and many hormones
danger theory - Answers - Acquired immunity recognizes foreign aka dangerous cells
and tissues ie tumors and pathogens
DAMPs - Answers - Alert body about danger, stimulate an inflammatory response, and
promote the regeneration process
Tropism - Answers - Preference of pathogen for specific host (or tissue)
Dysbiosis - Answers - Disruption of microbiota
Virulence factors - Answers - Toxins, Immune system evasion, adhesion, nutrient
acquisition, invasion
Pathogenicity - Answers - ability of a microorganism to cause disease
Virulence - Answers - degree (or extent) of disease that a pathogen causes
virulence factors def - Answers - ways pathogens overcome host defenses
attenuated - Answers - still infectious, but does not cause disease
infectious dose-50 - Answers - # needed to establish infection in 50% susceptible hosts
Lethal Dose-50% (LD50) - Answers - The dose that is lethal to 50 percent of the
population
toxins - Answers - Molecules that generate adverse effects in low conc.
Toxigenic organisms - Answers - organisms that make toxins
toxemia - Answers - toxin in bloodstream
Endotoxins - Answers - Lipid A region of LPS on Gram-neg cells
Mainly released when cell dies
Fever, chills, body aches, low blood pressure, vomitting, inflammation
Higher levels: septic shock, death
Not readily neutralized
No effective vaccines or therapies
Exotoxins - Answers - Toxic, soluble proteins
made by both gram-neg and pos bacteria
often named for organism or type of cells targeted
Type I toxins - Answers - Membrane acting do not enter
Type II toxins - Answers - Damage host membranes
Type III toxins - Answers - Intracellular AB toxins
, Five steps to infection - Answers - pathogen enters host, pathogen adheres to host
tissue, pathogen must invade tissues and obtain nutrients, pathogen must evade host
immune defenses in order to replicate, pathogen must be transmitted to new host
siderophores - Answers - iron binding complexes
cytopathic effects - Answers - damaging or killing of host cells
latency - Answers - ability of pathogen to exist inside a host
antigen masking - Answers - takes materials from host cells and covers itself in them
antigen mimicry - Answers - antigen makes human proteins
antigen variation - Answers - pathogen switches its antigens confusing immune system
BSL-1 - Answers - no special precautions
BSL-2 - Answers - lab coat, gloves, eye protection
BSL-3 - Answers - lab coat, gloves, respirators, PPE at all times, monitoring workers
BSL-4 - Answers - sealed, negative pressure; "hot zone"
-exhaust air is filtered twice through HEPA filters
hygiene hypothesis - Answers - suggests that limiting exposure to pathogens may lower
immune tolerance and the ability to cope with harmless antigens
immunogenicity - Answers - Ability of pathogens to induce an adaptive immune
response
antigenicity - Answers - ability to be specifically recognized by T cell receptors or
antibodies as a result of an immune response
complete antigens - Answers - Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids
Haptens (incomplete antigens) - Answers - Small molecules, such as peptides,
nucleotides, and many hormones
danger theory - Answers - Acquired immunity recognizes foreign aka dangerous cells
and tissues ie tumors and pathogens
DAMPs - Answers - Alert body about danger, stimulate an inflammatory response, and
promote the regeneration process
