Instructor’s Manual
Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, 13th edition
by Richard Saferstein
ST
U
D
YL
AB
, Table of Content
1. Introduction
2. The Crime Scene
3. Physical Evidence
4. Crime-Scene Reconstruction: Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
5. Death Investigation
6. Fingerprints
7. Forensic Biometrics
ST
8. The Microscope
9. Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions
10. Matter, Light, and Glass Examination
U
11. Hairs and Fibers
D
12. Drugs
13. Forensic Toxicology
YL
14. Metals, Paint, and Soil
15. Forensic Serology
AB
16. DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool
17. Forensic Aspects of Fire and Explosion Investigation
18. Document Examination
19. Computer Forensics
20. Mobile Device Forensics
, KJHGFDS
Chapter 1
Introduction
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
• Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws that are enforced by
police agencies in a criminal justice system.
• The development of crime laboratories in the United States has been characterized by rapid
growth accompanied by a lack of national and regional planning and coordination.
• The technical support provided by crime laboratories can be assigned to five basic services:
the physical science unit, the biology unit, the firearms unit, the document unit, and the
photography unit.
• Some crime laboratories may offer optional services such as toxicology, fingerprint analysis,
ST
voiceprint analysis, crime scene investigation, and polygraph administration.
• A forensic scientist must be skilled in applying the principles and techniques of the physical
and natural sciences to the analysis of evidence that may be recovered during a criminal
investigation.
• An expert witness evaluates evidence based on specialized training and experience.
• Forensic scientists train law enforcement personnel in the proper recognition, collection, and
U
preservation of physical evidence.
• The Frye v. United States decision set guidelines for determining the admissibility of
scientific evidence into the courtroom. To meet the Frye standard, the evidence in question
must be “generally accepted” by the scientific community.
D
• In the case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the U.S. Supreme Court ruled
that trial judges were responsible for the admissibility and validity of scientific evidence
presented in their courts.
YL
• Special forensic science services available to the law enforcement community include
forensic psychiatry, forensic odontology, and forensic engineering.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Distinguish between forensic science and criminalistics.
AB
2. Describe the organization and services of a typical comprehensive crime laboratory in the
criminal justice system.
3. Explain how physical evidence is analyzed and presented in the courtroom by the forensic
scientist, and how admissibility of evidence is determined in the courtroom.
4. Explain the role and responsibilities of the expert witness and what specialized forensic
services, aside from the crime laboratory, are generally available to law enforcement
personnel.
LECTURE OUTLINE
DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
Literary Roots
Important Contributors to Forensic Science
1
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
, KJHGFDS
• Teaching Note: Challenge your students to come up with mnemonics or tricks to help
remember the important figures in forensic science. For example: Walter McMrone was a
Microscopist.
CRIME LABORATORIES
Crime Labs in the United States
International Crime Labs
• Teaching Note: Be sure to cover the differences between a state and local forensic
laboratory. Students should understand what the local analysts normally do compared to what
the state analysts can do.
ST
ORGANIZATION OF A CRIME LABORATORY
The Growth of Crime Laboratories
Future Challenges
Types of Crime Laboratories
Services of the Crime Laboratory
U
Basic Services Provided by Full-Service Crime Laboratories
Optional Services Provided by Full-Service Crime Laboratories
D
• Teaching Note: Discuss how the crime laboratory is organized and what departments or
sections are usually in the lab, including serology, trace evidence, fingerprint examiner, and
so forth.
YL
FUNCTIONS OF THE FORENSIC SCIENTIST
Analysis of Physical Evidence
• Teaching Note: If you have stories of cases or interesting work you or someone you know
AB
has done in the field, share them! Draw your students in by discussing what types of evidence
is analyzed.
Providing Expert Testimony
Furnishing Training in the Proper Recognition, Collection, and Preservation of
Physical Evidence
OTHER FORENSIC SCIENCE SERVICES
Forensic Psychiatry
Forensic Odontology
Forensic Engineering
Forensic Computer and Digital Analysis
Exploring Forensic Science on the Internet
General Forensics Sites
2
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, 13th edition
by Richard Saferstein
ST
U
D
YL
AB
, Table of Content
1. Introduction
2. The Crime Scene
3. Physical Evidence
4. Crime-Scene Reconstruction: Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
5. Death Investigation
6. Fingerprints
7. Forensic Biometrics
ST
8. The Microscope
9. Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions
10. Matter, Light, and Glass Examination
U
11. Hairs and Fibers
D
12. Drugs
13. Forensic Toxicology
YL
14. Metals, Paint, and Soil
15. Forensic Serology
AB
16. DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool
17. Forensic Aspects of Fire and Explosion Investigation
18. Document Examination
19. Computer Forensics
20. Mobile Device Forensics
, KJHGFDS
Chapter 1
Introduction
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
• Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws that are enforced by
police agencies in a criminal justice system.
• The development of crime laboratories in the United States has been characterized by rapid
growth accompanied by a lack of national and regional planning and coordination.
• The technical support provided by crime laboratories can be assigned to five basic services:
the physical science unit, the biology unit, the firearms unit, the document unit, and the
photography unit.
• Some crime laboratories may offer optional services such as toxicology, fingerprint analysis,
ST
voiceprint analysis, crime scene investigation, and polygraph administration.
• A forensic scientist must be skilled in applying the principles and techniques of the physical
and natural sciences to the analysis of evidence that may be recovered during a criminal
investigation.
• An expert witness evaluates evidence based on specialized training and experience.
• Forensic scientists train law enforcement personnel in the proper recognition, collection, and
U
preservation of physical evidence.
• The Frye v. United States decision set guidelines for determining the admissibility of
scientific evidence into the courtroom. To meet the Frye standard, the evidence in question
must be “generally accepted” by the scientific community.
D
• In the case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the U.S. Supreme Court ruled
that trial judges were responsible for the admissibility and validity of scientific evidence
presented in their courts.
YL
• Special forensic science services available to the law enforcement community include
forensic psychiatry, forensic odontology, and forensic engineering.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Distinguish between forensic science and criminalistics.
AB
2. Describe the organization and services of a typical comprehensive crime laboratory in the
criminal justice system.
3. Explain how physical evidence is analyzed and presented in the courtroom by the forensic
scientist, and how admissibility of evidence is determined in the courtroom.
4. Explain the role and responsibilities of the expert witness and what specialized forensic
services, aside from the crime laboratory, are generally available to law enforcement
personnel.
LECTURE OUTLINE
DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
Literary Roots
Important Contributors to Forensic Science
1
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
, KJHGFDS
• Teaching Note: Challenge your students to come up with mnemonics or tricks to help
remember the important figures in forensic science. For example: Walter McMrone was a
Microscopist.
CRIME LABORATORIES
Crime Labs in the United States
International Crime Labs
• Teaching Note: Be sure to cover the differences between a state and local forensic
laboratory. Students should understand what the local analysts normally do compared to what
the state analysts can do.
ST
ORGANIZATION OF A CRIME LABORATORY
The Growth of Crime Laboratories
Future Challenges
Types of Crime Laboratories
Services of the Crime Laboratory
U
Basic Services Provided by Full-Service Crime Laboratories
Optional Services Provided by Full-Service Crime Laboratories
D
• Teaching Note: Discuss how the crime laboratory is organized and what departments or
sections are usually in the lab, including serology, trace evidence, fingerprint examiner, and
so forth.
YL
FUNCTIONS OF THE FORENSIC SCIENTIST
Analysis of Physical Evidence
• Teaching Note: If you have stories of cases or interesting work you or someone you know
AB
has done in the field, share them! Draw your students in by discussing what types of evidence
is analyzed.
Providing Expert Testimony
Furnishing Training in the Proper Recognition, Collection, and Preservation of
Physical Evidence
OTHER FORENSIC SCIENCE SERVICES
Forensic Psychiatry
Forensic Odontology
Forensic Engineering
Forensic Computer and Digital Analysis
Exploring Forensic Science on the Internet
General Forensics Sites
2
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
