ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ESSENTIALS FOR
CLINICAL PRACTICE 1ST EDITION NANCY
COMPREHENSIVE SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ define aging and its relationship to cellular function/structure and
genetic and environemental factors. Answer: -aging is the progressive
loss of tissues overtime
-senescence is a process of permanent proliferative arrest on cells in
response to various stressors
-senescent cells accumulate - tissue dysfunction
-cellular changes of aging include:
-atrophy
-decreased function
-loss of cells (maybe apoptosis)
-free radicals damage tissues during aging
-DNA is vulnerable to breaks, deletions, and additions
-movement of intracellular and Extracellular substances decreases with
age
⩥ causes of hypovolemia. Answer: - loss of fluids from anywhere
(thoracentisis, paracentisis, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, suction)
,- Third spacing (burns, ascites)
- diseases with polyuria (polyuria > oliguria > anuria > renal failure)
⩥ clinical manifestations of hypovolemia. Answer: -Thirst
-Dry mucous membranes
-Decreased skin turgor/delay return/tenting
-Hypotension, tachycardia
-Weight loss
-Decreased urine output, concentrated urine
-Restless, drowsy, confused, dizzy, weak
⩥ total body water. Answer: -usually expressed as a percentage of body
weight
-varies based on body type, sex, and age
-female normal build 50% water
-male normal build 60% water
⩥ causes of hypervolemia. Answer: Heart failure
Kidney disease
Cirrhosis
Overdose of sodium concentrated fluids
Fluid shifts in burns
, Prolonged use of corticosteroids
Severe stress
Hyperaldosteronism
weight gain
⩥ manifestations of hypervolemia. Answer: -Edema pitting
-pulmonary congestion
-circulatory overload( bounding pulses, jugular vein distention, elevated
blood pressure
- weight gain
⩥ hypernatremia. Answer: occurs when serum sodium levels exceed 145
mEq/L and causes hypertonicity
⩥ hypovolemic hypernatremia. Answer: occurs where there is loss of
body sodium accompanied by a relatively greater loss of body water
causes: loop diuretics, osmotic diuresis (ie from hyperglycemia related
to uncontrolled diabetes or mannitol), GI losses, failure of kidneys to
concentrate urine
⩥ Euvolemic hypernatremia. Answer: most common
occurs when there is a loss of free water with a near normal sodium
concentration
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ESSENTIALS FOR
CLINICAL PRACTICE 1ST EDITION NANCY
COMPREHENSIVE SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ define aging and its relationship to cellular function/structure and
genetic and environemental factors. Answer: -aging is the progressive
loss of tissues overtime
-senescence is a process of permanent proliferative arrest on cells in
response to various stressors
-senescent cells accumulate - tissue dysfunction
-cellular changes of aging include:
-atrophy
-decreased function
-loss of cells (maybe apoptosis)
-free radicals damage tissues during aging
-DNA is vulnerable to breaks, deletions, and additions
-movement of intracellular and Extracellular substances decreases with
age
⩥ causes of hypovolemia. Answer: - loss of fluids from anywhere
(thoracentisis, paracentisis, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, suction)
,- Third spacing (burns, ascites)
- diseases with polyuria (polyuria > oliguria > anuria > renal failure)
⩥ clinical manifestations of hypovolemia. Answer: -Thirst
-Dry mucous membranes
-Decreased skin turgor/delay return/tenting
-Hypotension, tachycardia
-Weight loss
-Decreased urine output, concentrated urine
-Restless, drowsy, confused, dizzy, weak
⩥ total body water. Answer: -usually expressed as a percentage of body
weight
-varies based on body type, sex, and age
-female normal build 50% water
-male normal build 60% water
⩥ causes of hypervolemia. Answer: Heart failure
Kidney disease
Cirrhosis
Overdose of sodium concentrated fluids
Fluid shifts in burns
, Prolonged use of corticosteroids
Severe stress
Hyperaldosteronism
weight gain
⩥ manifestations of hypervolemia. Answer: -Edema pitting
-pulmonary congestion
-circulatory overload( bounding pulses, jugular vein distention, elevated
blood pressure
- weight gain
⩥ hypernatremia. Answer: occurs when serum sodium levels exceed 145
mEq/L and causes hypertonicity
⩥ hypovolemic hypernatremia. Answer: occurs where there is loss of
body sodium accompanied by a relatively greater loss of body water
causes: loop diuretics, osmotic diuresis (ie from hyperglycemia related
to uncontrolled diabetes or mannitol), GI losses, failure of kidneys to
concentrate urine
⩥ Euvolemic hypernatremia. Answer: most common
occurs when there is a loss of free water with a near normal sodium
concentration
