BIO 235 FINAL PAPER 2026 FULL Q&A
STUDY GUIDE GRADED A+
◉Complement system. Answer: defensive system made up of over
30 proteins produced by the liver and found circulating in blood
plasma whiting tissues throughout the body.
◉Complement system destroys microbes by. Answer: causing
phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation
◉Immunological memory is the basis. Answer: for successful
immunization by vaccination
◉First signal in activation of a T cell. Answer: antigen recognition by
a TCR with CD4 or CD8 proteins
◉Second signal. Answer: T cell will only become activated if it binds
to a the foreign antigen and at the same time receives a second
signal, costimulation
◉Interleukin-2. Answer: cytokine that acts as a costimulatory
,◉Anergy. Answer: prolonged state of inactivity caused by binding of
the antigen to a receptor, without costimulation
◉Once costimulation occurs. Answer: an activated T cells undergoes
clonal selection
◉Most T cells that display CD4: develop into helper T cells, also
known as CD4 T cells. Answer:
◉Once activated helper T cells: formation of a clone of helper T cells
that consists of active helper T cells and memory helper T cells.
Answer:
◉Active helper T cells. Answer: secrete cytokines
◉T cells that display CD8. Answer: develop into cytotoxic T cells
(CD8 T cells)
◉Cytotoxic T cells recognize foreign antigens combined with.
Answer: MHC class I
◉Helper T cells are activated by antigens associated with. Answer:
MHC class II
, ◉Maximal activation of cytotoxic T cells. Answer: required
presentation of antigen associated with both MHC-I and MHC-II
molecules
◉Effector cell of a B cell clone. Answer: plasma cells, secrete specific
antibodies
◉Immunoglobulins (Tgs). Answer: antibodies belong to a group of
glycoproteins called globulins
◉An antibody combines only. Answer: with the epitope on the
antigen that triggered its production
◉H chains. Answer: two chains in antibody
◉L chains. Answer: two identical chains in antibodies
◉Disulfide bond. Answer: holds each light chain to a heavy chain
◉Variable (V) regions. Answer: constitute the antigen-binding site
◉Constant C region. Answer: nearly the same in all antibodies of the
same class
STUDY GUIDE GRADED A+
◉Complement system. Answer: defensive system made up of over
30 proteins produced by the liver and found circulating in blood
plasma whiting tissues throughout the body.
◉Complement system destroys microbes by. Answer: causing
phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation
◉Immunological memory is the basis. Answer: for successful
immunization by vaccination
◉First signal in activation of a T cell. Answer: antigen recognition by
a TCR with CD4 or CD8 proteins
◉Second signal. Answer: T cell will only become activated if it binds
to a the foreign antigen and at the same time receives a second
signal, costimulation
◉Interleukin-2. Answer: cytokine that acts as a costimulatory
,◉Anergy. Answer: prolonged state of inactivity caused by binding of
the antigen to a receptor, without costimulation
◉Once costimulation occurs. Answer: an activated T cells undergoes
clonal selection
◉Most T cells that display CD4: develop into helper T cells, also
known as CD4 T cells. Answer:
◉Once activated helper T cells: formation of a clone of helper T cells
that consists of active helper T cells and memory helper T cells.
Answer:
◉Active helper T cells. Answer: secrete cytokines
◉T cells that display CD8. Answer: develop into cytotoxic T cells
(CD8 T cells)
◉Cytotoxic T cells recognize foreign antigens combined with.
Answer: MHC class I
◉Helper T cells are activated by antigens associated with. Answer:
MHC class II
, ◉Maximal activation of cytotoxic T cells. Answer: required
presentation of antigen associated with both MHC-I and MHC-II
molecules
◉Effector cell of a B cell clone. Answer: plasma cells, secrete specific
antibodies
◉Immunoglobulins (Tgs). Answer: antibodies belong to a group of
glycoproteins called globulins
◉An antibody combines only. Answer: with the epitope on the
antigen that triggered its production
◉H chains. Answer: two chains in antibody
◉L chains. Answer: two identical chains in antibodies
◉Disulfide bond. Answer: holds each light chain to a heavy chain
◉Variable (V) regions. Answer: constitute the antigen-binding site
◉Constant C region. Answer: nearly the same in all antibodies of the
same class
