GCU BIO-201 Midterm Study guide
questions with correct answers
Describe the difference between anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology
| | | | | | |
Anatomy, study of structure and organization of body parts. Physiology, study of
| | | | | | | | | | | |
the functions and processes of these body parts. Pathophysiology examines the
| | | | | | | | | | |
abnormalities / disturbances in physiological processes that lead to disease.
| | | | | | | | |
6 levels of structural organization
| | | |
Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level,
| | | | | | | | | | |
Organism level |
Describe negative feedback and its purpose in maintaining homeostasis as well as
| | | | | | | | | | |
its relation to a receptor, integrator, and effector.
| | | | | | | |
Negative feedback reverses a deviation from homeostasis. Receptor senses a
| | | | | | | | | |
change, integrator processes the information, effector produces a change to
| | | | | | | | | |
counteract the deviation. | |
Describe positive feedback & give an example
| | | | | |
,Positive feedback amplifies a change leading to a greater deviation. example,
| | | | | | | | | | |
childbirth when uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin which
| | | | | | | | | |
increases contractions further until childbirth
| | | |
Describe the molecular structure and importance of water
| | | | | | |
water is a polar molecule with a bent shape due to its oxygen atom & 2 hydrogen
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
atoms. Importance: ability to dissolve solutes, participate in chemical reaction,
| | | | | | | | | |
regulate temp, provides medium for biological processing
| | | | | |
Identify a proton or electron on a molecule
| | | | | | |
A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
atom. An electron is a negatively charged particle orbiting around the nucleus
| | | | | | | | | | |
Difference between a covalent vs. hydrogen vs. ionic bond
| | | | | | | |
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, hydrogen
| | | | | | | | | | |
bonds are weak attractions between partially charged atoms, Ionic bonds involve
| | | | | | | | | | |
the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
| | | | | | | |
Describe enzyme, protein, carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids, phosphoproteins,
| | | | | | | |
glycoproteins, lipoproteins, phospholipids and a substrate.
| | | | |
Enzymes- biological catalyst that speed up chemical reactions. Carbohydrates-
| | | | | | | | |
organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids-
| | | | | | | | | |
, hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils and phospholipids. Nucleic acids-
| | | | | | | | | |
macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. Phosphoprotein- a
| | | | | | | | |
protein w added phosphate groups, which often helps regulate its function within
| | | | | | | | | | |
|cells. glycoprotein- a protein w attached sugar molecules, often involved in cell
| | | | | | | | | | | |
communication and recognition. Lipoprotein- A complex made of proteins and
| | | | | | | | | |
lipids.
phospholipid- a molecule w a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail forming the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
base of cell membranes. Substrate- molecule in which enzyme acts to catalyze a
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
chemical reaction, leading to the formation of products
| | | | | | |
Describe how carbohydrates are stored in the body
| | | | | | |
stored primarily as glycogen in the liver and muscles
| | | | | | | |
Difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
| | | | |
Mono are single sugar molecules, di are made up on 2 monosaccharides, poly are
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides.
| | | | | | |
Describe the molecular formula of a carbohydrate
| | | | | |
(CH2o) n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms
| | | | | | | | |
Describe the composition of triglycerides, nucleic acids, and proteoglycans.
| | | | | | | |
questions with correct answers
Describe the difference between anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology
| | | | | | |
Anatomy, study of structure and organization of body parts. Physiology, study of
| | | | | | | | | | | |
the functions and processes of these body parts. Pathophysiology examines the
| | | | | | | | | | |
abnormalities / disturbances in physiological processes that lead to disease.
| | | | | | | | |
6 levels of structural organization
| | | |
Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level,
| | | | | | | | | | |
Organism level |
Describe negative feedback and its purpose in maintaining homeostasis as well as
| | | | | | | | | | |
its relation to a receptor, integrator, and effector.
| | | | | | | |
Negative feedback reverses a deviation from homeostasis. Receptor senses a
| | | | | | | | | |
change, integrator processes the information, effector produces a change to
| | | | | | | | | |
counteract the deviation. | |
Describe positive feedback & give an example
| | | | | |
,Positive feedback amplifies a change leading to a greater deviation. example,
| | | | | | | | | | |
childbirth when uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin which
| | | | | | | | | |
increases contractions further until childbirth
| | | |
Describe the molecular structure and importance of water
| | | | | | |
water is a polar molecule with a bent shape due to its oxygen atom & 2 hydrogen
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
atoms. Importance: ability to dissolve solutes, participate in chemical reaction,
| | | | | | | | | |
regulate temp, provides medium for biological processing
| | | | | |
Identify a proton or electron on a molecule
| | | | | | |
A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
atom. An electron is a negatively charged particle orbiting around the nucleus
| | | | | | | | | | |
Difference between a covalent vs. hydrogen vs. ionic bond
| | | | | | | |
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, hydrogen
| | | | | | | | | | |
bonds are weak attractions between partially charged atoms, Ionic bonds involve
| | | | | | | | | | |
the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
| | | | | | | |
Describe enzyme, protein, carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids, phosphoproteins,
| | | | | | | |
glycoproteins, lipoproteins, phospholipids and a substrate.
| | | | |
Enzymes- biological catalyst that speed up chemical reactions. Carbohydrates-
| | | | | | | | |
organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids-
| | | | | | | | | |
, hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils and phospholipids. Nucleic acids-
| | | | | | | | | |
macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. Phosphoprotein- a
| | | | | | | | |
protein w added phosphate groups, which often helps regulate its function within
| | | | | | | | | | |
|cells. glycoprotein- a protein w attached sugar molecules, often involved in cell
| | | | | | | | | | | |
communication and recognition. Lipoprotein- A complex made of proteins and
| | | | | | | | | |
lipids.
phospholipid- a molecule w a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail forming the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
base of cell membranes. Substrate- molecule in which enzyme acts to catalyze a
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
chemical reaction, leading to the formation of products
| | | | | | |
Describe how carbohydrates are stored in the body
| | | | | | |
stored primarily as glycogen in the liver and muscles
| | | | | | | |
Difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
| | | | |
Mono are single sugar molecules, di are made up on 2 monosaccharides, poly are
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides.
| | | | | | |
Describe the molecular formula of a carbohydrate
| | | | | |
(CH2o) n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms
| | | | | | | | |
Describe the composition of triglycerides, nucleic acids, and proteoglycans.
| | | | | | | |
