Exam 1: NSG3280 / NSG 3280 (Latest 2026/2027 Update)
Pathophysiology for Nurses I | Complete Review | Questions
& Verified Answers | 100% Correct
A nurse is reviewing a client's chart and notes that the cause of the disease is unknown. Which
term best describes this condition?
A. Iatrogenic
B. Etiology
C. Idiopathic
D. Prodromal
Accurate Answer: C.
Idiopathic means the cause of a disease is unknown. Etiology refers to the cause, while
iatrogenic means caused by medical treatment.
Which example best represents an iatrogenic condition?
A. A genetic disorder
B. A medication-induced kidney injury
C. A viral infection
D. A disease with no known cause
Accurate Answer: B.
Iatrogenic conditions result from medical treatment or interventions.
Why are older adults more vulnerable to the effects of stress?
A. Increased immune response
,B. Decreased organ reserve
C. Faster healing time
D. Increased hormone production
Accurate Answer: B.
Aging leads to reduced cardiac, renal, immune, and endocrine reserve, making stress harder to
tolerate.
Which hormones are primarily released during the alarm stage of the General Adaptation
Syndrome?
A. Insulin and glucagon
B. Cortisol and epinephrine
C. Aldosterone and ADH
D. Thyroxine and growth hormone
Accurate Answer: B.
The alarm stage triggers the fight-or-flight response through activation of the sympathetic
nervous system and cortisol release.
A client experiences prolonged stress without relief. Which stage of the General Adaptation
Syndrome is the client most likely entering?
A. Alarm
B. Resistance
C. Exhaustion
D. Recovery
Accurate Answer: C.
Prolonged stress depletes the body's resources, leading to illness and organ dysfunction in the
exhaustion stage.
, What is the primary cellular consequence of ischemia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Decreased blood flow to tissues
C. Increased oxygen delivery
D. Decreased lactic acid levels
Accurate Answer: B.
Ischemia reduces blood flow, leading to hypoxia, ATP depletion, and eventual cell injury.
Which finding is most consistent with hypoxia at the cellular level?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Lactic acid accumulation
C. Increased sodium-potassium pump function
D. Decreased cell swelling
Accurate Answer: B.
Without oxygen, cells rely on anaerobic metabolism, leading to lactic acid buildup.
Which intervention is an example of secondary prevention?
A. Smoking cessation counseling
B. Annual mammogram
C. Physical therapy after stroke
D. Insulin therapy for diabetes
Accurate Answer: B.
Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and treatment through screening.
Pathophysiology for Nurses I | Complete Review | Questions
& Verified Answers | 100% Correct
A nurse is reviewing a client's chart and notes that the cause of the disease is unknown. Which
term best describes this condition?
A. Iatrogenic
B. Etiology
C. Idiopathic
D. Prodromal
Accurate Answer: C.
Idiopathic means the cause of a disease is unknown. Etiology refers to the cause, while
iatrogenic means caused by medical treatment.
Which example best represents an iatrogenic condition?
A. A genetic disorder
B. A medication-induced kidney injury
C. A viral infection
D. A disease with no known cause
Accurate Answer: B.
Iatrogenic conditions result from medical treatment or interventions.
Why are older adults more vulnerable to the effects of stress?
A. Increased immune response
,B. Decreased organ reserve
C. Faster healing time
D. Increased hormone production
Accurate Answer: B.
Aging leads to reduced cardiac, renal, immune, and endocrine reserve, making stress harder to
tolerate.
Which hormones are primarily released during the alarm stage of the General Adaptation
Syndrome?
A. Insulin and glucagon
B. Cortisol and epinephrine
C. Aldosterone and ADH
D. Thyroxine and growth hormone
Accurate Answer: B.
The alarm stage triggers the fight-or-flight response through activation of the sympathetic
nervous system and cortisol release.
A client experiences prolonged stress without relief. Which stage of the General Adaptation
Syndrome is the client most likely entering?
A. Alarm
B. Resistance
C. Exhaustion
D. Recovery
Accurate Answer: C.
Prolonged stress depletes the body's resources, leading to illness and organ dysfunction in the
exhaustion stage.
, What is the primary cellular consequence of ischemia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Decreased blood flow to tissues
C. Increased oxygen delivery
D. Decreased lactic acid levels
Accurate Answer: B.
Ischemia reduces blood flow, leading to hypoxia, ATP depletion, and eventual cell injury.
Which finding is most consistent with hypoxia at the cellular level?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Lactic acid accumulation
C. Increased sodium-potassium pump function
D. Decreased cell swelling
Accurate Answer: B.
Without oxygen, cells rely on anaerobic metabolism, leading to lactic acid buildup.
Which intervention is an example of secondary prevention?
A. Smoking cessation counseling
B. Annual mammogram
C. Physical therapy after stroke
D. Insulin therapy for diabetes
Accurate Answer: B.
Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and treatment through screening.
