UCI E109 Midterm II Ques ons and answers updated
2026
dal volume
amount of air brought in with each breath aka normal air volume
hypoxic hypoxia
low arterial [O2] from high al tude; hypoven la on; dec. lung diffusion
anemic hypoxia
blood loss; reduced Hb-O2 binding (CO poisoning), anemia;don't get proper O2 release to ssue
ischemic hypoxia
reduced blood flow from heart a)ack, thrombosis --> blood clots; hyperven la on; shock
histoxic hypoxia
toxin doesn't allow RBC to bind to O2; reduc on of O2 used properly in ETC -> piling of
intermediates (cells not using O2 bc of TOXIC poisoning) --> death
normal lung
normal PO2 in alveoli
normal PO2 in blood
Emphysema
s ffening --> less expansive;
harder to breath;
not as high S.A. for exchange;
low PO2 in alveoli, low PO2 in blood.
cause: smoking
Fibro c lung disease
thick mucus;
diffusion dist. INCREASE.
normal PO2 in alveoli, low PO2 in blood.
cause: gene c
,Pulmonary edema
Fluid collec on between alveoli and capillaries.
diffusion distance INCREASE.
normal PO2 in alveoli, low PO2 in blood.
cause: illness, toxin
Asthma
bronchioles constricted --> not enough air in alveoli.
poor ven la on.
low PO2 in alveoli, low PO2 in blood.
artery
lots of elas c ssue (maintain blood flow) and smooth muscle.
also has endothelium, fibrous ssue
arteriole
smooth muscle (constrict or dilate); helps regulate periphery resistance.
also has endothelium
capillary
endothelium (very thin wall
venule
fibrous ssue (more structure in nature);
also has endothelium and it doesn't change in size
vein
much thicker wall.
not elas c in same ways as artery.
also has endothelium, elas c ssue, smooth muscle, fibrous ssue.
stroke volume
volume of blood to systemic circuit through ONE contrac on;
= EDV - ESV
Alveolus
, many ny air sacs in lungs;
gas exchange
bronchi
major air passage of the lungs;
part of airway in respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs.
bronchioles
branches of bronchi and terminate by entering the circular sacs called alveoli;
end of conduc ng pathway where we lose car lage and we have some exchange star ng to
happen
surfactant
substance that tends to reduce surface tension of a lipid.
type II alveoli
produce surfactant;
prevents adhesion of water molecules to each other to prevent alveoli collapsing.
lamellar bodies
produce more surfactants for smaller alveoli
pre-Botzinger complex pacemaker
allows you to breathe without thinking;
drives basic respiratory.
basic architecture of cardiovascular system
systemic blood coming back from vena cava flows first to R.A. (deoxygenated blood) --> R.V.
leaves pulmonary arteries to circuit (high pressure) --> lungs (gas exchange) --> pulmonary veins
--> L.A. (now oxygenated blood) --> L.V. --> aorta
how do volume changes in heart chambers drive blood flow?
inc. V, dec. P (in ventricle) inc. ) in P (atria) = diastole; Blood IN during RELAXATION.
dec. V, inc. P (in ventricle) dec. P in (atria) = systole; Blood OUT - CONTRACTING.
blood flows from high to low pressure
Different phases of cardiac cycle
2026
dal volume
amount of air brought in with each breath aka normal air volume
hypoxic hypoxia
low arterial [O2] from high al tude; hypoven la on; dec. lung diffusion
anemic hypoxia
blood loss; reduced Hb-O2 binding (CO poisoning), anemia;don't get proper O2 release to ssue
ischemic hypoxia
reduced blood flow from heart a)ack, thrombosis --> blood clots; hyperven la on; shock
histoxic hypoxia
toxin doesn't allow RBC to bind to O2; reduc on of O2 used properly in ETC -> piling of
intermediates (cells not using O2 bc of TOXIC poisoning) --> death
normal lung
normal PO2 in alveoli
normal PO2 in blood
Emphysema
s ffening --> less expansive;
harder to breath;
not as high S.A. for exchange;
low PO2 in alveoli, low PO2 in blood.
cause: smoking
Fibro c lung disease
thick mucus;
diffusion dist. INCREASE.
normal PO2 in alveoli, low PO2 in blood.
cause: gene c
,Pulmonary edema
Fluid collec on between alveoli and capillaries.
diffusion distance INCREASE.
normal PO2 in alveoli, low PO2 in blood.
cause: illness, toxin
Asthma
bronchioles constricted --> not enough air in alveoli.
poor ven la on.
low PO2 in alveoli, low PO2 in blood.
artery
lots of elas c ssue (maintain blood flow) and smooth muscle.
also has endothelium, fibrous ssue
arteriole
smooth muscle (constrict or dilate); helps regulate periphery resistance.
also has endothelium
capillary
endothelium (very thin wall
venule
fibrous ssue (more structure in nature);
also has endothelium and it doesn't change in size
vein
much thicker wall.
not elas c in same ways as artery.
also has endothelium, elas c ssue, smooth muscle, fibrous ssue.
stroke volume
volume of blood to systemic circuit through ONE contrac on;
= EDV - ESV
Alveolus
, many ny air sacs in lungs;
gas exchange
bronchi
major air passage of the lungs;
part of airway in respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs.
bronchioles
branches of bronchi and terminate by entering the circular sacs called alveoli;
end of conduc ng pathway where we lose car lage and we have some exchange star ng to
happen
surfactant
substance that tends to reduce surface tension of a lipid.
type II alveoli
produce surfactant;
prevents adhesion of water molecules to each other to prevent alveoli collapsing.
lamellar bodies
produce more surfactants for smaller alveoli
pre-Botzinger complex pacemaker
allows you to breathe without thinking;
drives basic respiratory.
basic architecture of cardiovascular system
systemic blood coming back from vena cava flows first to R.A. (deoxygenated blood) --> R.V.
leaves pulmonary arteries to circuit (high pressure) --> lungs (gas exchange) --> pulmonary veins
--> L.A. (now oxygenated blood) --> L.V. --> aorta
how do volume changes in heart chambers drive blood flow?
inc. V, dec. P (in ventricle) inc. ) in P (atria) = diastole; Blood IN during RELAXATION.
dec. V, inc. P (in ventricle) dec. P in (atria) = systole; Blood OUT - CONTRACTING.
blood flows from high to low pressure
Different phases of cardiac cycle
