Anatomy & Physiology Bio 109 exam 1 Ques ons and answers
updated RATED A
ribosomes
Structure: Tiny spheres made of RNA and protein.
2 types: (1) Free - floa!ng freely in cytoplasm. (2) Bound - a%ached to RER
Func!on: make proteins; free ones make proteins that will remain in the cell; bound ones make
proteins that will leave the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
Membranous organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic
re!culum and send proteins to their final des!na!on
rough endoplasmic re!culum
Chemically modifies proteins made by the ribosomes a%ached to its surface, which are then use
in the cell membrane or for transport outside the cell (protein modifica!on & transport)
mitochondria
large structures surrounded by a double membrane; contains folded membrane inside called
cristae; contains DNA and ribosomes.
Func!on: Site of cellular respira!on (energy produc!on); Energy in food is converted into
energy for use by the cell (ATP).
lysosomes
Small organelles filled with enzymes; one func!on is to break down lipids, carbohydrates, and
proteins from food par!cles; may also break down old cell parts ~intracellular diges!on~
microfilament
A cable composed of ac!n proteins in the cytoplasm, making up part of the cytoskeleton and
ac!ng alone or with myosin to cause cell contrac!on; also known as an ac!n filament; assists in
cleavage during mitosis
nucleolus
structure inside the nucleus, where ribosomes are made
peroxisomes
, neutralize free radicals and detoxify alcohol and other drugs; break down long fa%y acids
centrioles
composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets; support structure for cell; vital to separa!on of
chroma!ds during mitosis
cytosol
part of the cytoplasm; gel-like translucent fluid typically not enclosed within the organelles
found within the cell; responsible for suspending the other elements contained within the
cytoplasm, like the cytoplasmic inclusions and the cell organelles.
cytoplasm
the fluid contained within the cell that holds and surround the cell's organelles in a liquid
environment which is necessary for many of the cell's vital func!ons to occur.
vesicle
organelle involved in metabolism, transport, and enzyme storage
protein synthesis
the forma!on of proteins by using informa!on contained in DNA and carried by mRNA.
homeostasis
process of maintaining dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment; WNL (within normal
limits); requires a minimum of 3 elements: receptors, control center, and effectors.
All systems contribute but endocrine (long term) & nervous (immediate reac!ons) specialize in
it. Many disease states are rooted in Homeosta!c Imbalance, anything outside of homeostasis
will denature proteins
nega!ve feedback
most common mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis; any varia!on outside of normal limits
triggers automa!c response to reduce the output or ac!vity of any organ or system back to its
normal range of func!oning.
Ex: heart rate, body temp, blood concentra!on of K, Na, and glucose.
posi!ve feedback
mechanisms designed to accelerate or enhance the output created by a s!mulus that has
already been ac!vated
Ex: labor, clo?ng, ovula!on, lacta!on
updated RATED A
ribosomes
Structure: Tiny spheres made of RNA and protein.
2 types: (1) Free - floa!ng freely in cytoplasm. (2) Bound - a%ached to RER
Func!on: make proteins; free ones make proteins that will remain in the cell; bound ones make
proteins that will leave the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
Membranous organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic
re!culum and send proteins to their final des!na!on
rough endoplasmic re!culum
Chemically modifies proteins made by the ribosomes a%ached to its surface, which are then use
in the cell membrane or for transport outside the cell (protein modifica!on & transport)
mitochondria
large structures surrounded by a double membrane; contains folded membrane inside called
cristae; contains DNA and ribosomes.
Func!on: Site of cellular respira!on (energy produc!on); Energy in food is converted into
energy for use by the cell (ATP).
lysosomes
Small organelles filled with enzymes; one func!on is to break down lipids, carbohydrates, and
proteins from food par!cles; may also break down old cell parts ~intracellular diges!on~
microfilament
A cable composed of ac!n proteins in the cytoplasm, making up part of the cytoskeleton and
ac!ng alone or with myosin to cause cell contrac!on; also known as an ac!n filament; assists in
cleavage during mitosis
nucleolus
structure inside the nucleus, where ribosomes are made
peroxisomes
, neutralize free radicals and detoxify alcohol and other drugs; break down long fa%y acids
centrioles
composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets; support structure for cell; vital to separa!on of
chroma!ds during mitosis
cytosol
part of the cytoplasm; gel-like translucent fluid typically not enclosed within the organelles
found within the cell; responsible for suspending the other elements contained within the
cytoplasm, like the cytoplasmic inclusions and the cell organelles.
cytoplasm
the fluid contained within the cell that holds and surround the cell's organelles in a liquid
environment which is necessary for many of the cell's vital func!ons to occur.
vesicle
organelle involved in metabolism, transport, and enzyme storage
protein synthesis
the forma!on of proteins by using informa!on contained in DNA and carried by mRNA.
homeostasis
process of maintaining dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment; WNL (within normal
limits); requires a minimum of 3 elements: receptors, control center, and effectors.
All systems contribute but endocrine (long term) & nervous (immediate reac!ons) specialize in
it. Many disease states are rooted in Homeosta!c Imbalance, anything outside of homeostasis
will denature proteins
nega!ve feedback
most common mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis; any varia!on outside of normal limits
triggers automa!c response to reduce the output or ac!vity of any organ or system back to its
normal range of func!oning.
Ex: heart rate, body temp, blood concentra!on of K, Na, and glucose.
posi!ve feedback
mechanisms designed to accelerate or enhance the output created by a s!mulus that has
already been ac!vated
Ex: labor, clo?ng, ovula!on, lacta!on
