UTA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 EXAM
PREP STUDY GUIDE PRACTICE QUESTIONS
AND ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
●● What is the body's defense against ROS?
Answer: Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione,
albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
●● How are free radicals produced?
Answer: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
●● action potential
Answer: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the
neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
●● Threshold potential
Answer: Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an
action potential
,●● Hypokalemia and action potentials
Answer: HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable.
Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony,
paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
●● Hyperkalemia and action potentials
Answer: HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More
excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD =
cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
●● Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Answer: Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany,
hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
●● Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Answer: Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness,
hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T
waves
●● Atrophy
Answer: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the
, cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood
supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved
new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may
lead to cellular death.
●● Atrophy examples
Answer: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during
childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
●● Hypertrophy
Answer: Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of
organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
●● Hypertrophy examples
Answer: physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person
does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed,
the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased
workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
●● Hyperplasia
Answer: Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of
mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell
division).
PREP STUDY GUIDE PRACTICE QUESTIONS
AND ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
●● What is the body's defense against ROS?
Answer: Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione,
albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
●● How are free radicals produced?
Answer: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
●● action potential
Answer: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the
neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
●● Threshold potential
Answer: Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an
action potential
,●● Hypokalemia and action potentials
Answer: HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable.
Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony,
paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
●● Hyperkalemia and action potentials
Answer: HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More
excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD =
cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
●● Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Answer: Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany,
hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
●● Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Answer: Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness,
hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T
waves
●● Atrophy
Answer: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the
, cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood
supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved
new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may
lead to cellular death.
●● Atrophy examples
Answer: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during
childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
●● Hypertrophy
Answer: Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of
organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
●● Hypertrophy examples
Answer: physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person
does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed,
the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased
workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
●● Hyperplasia
Answer: Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of
mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell
division).
