HLTH 216 ATI RN COMPREHENSIVE
PREDICTOR 2025/2026 – Complete
Remediation Guide for Exam Success
How do the authors define the nature of health and disease?
They are not objective realities waiting to be uncovered, but are actively produced and
negotiated by ordinary people.
What are the four levels of determinants of health depicted in the concentric half-circle
model?
General socio-economic/cultural/environmental conditions, living and working conditions, social
and community networks, and individual lifestyle factors (plus age, sex, and heredity).
In the concentric model of health determinants, which factors are considered most
important?
The factors furthest away from the individual, specifically the general socio-economic, cultural,
and environmental conditions.
How does income level influence health outcomes?
Higher income provides better access to clean water, food, and medical services, and reduces
stress and anxiety.
What are some physical housing factors that negatively impact health?
Inadequate heating/cooling, dampness, overcrowding, poor build quality, environmental toxins,
and proximity to pollution sources.
How does employment affect health beyond providing income?
It affects self-esteem and exposes individuals to hazardous substances, stress, and specific
occupational norms.
What are the characteristics of occupations that negatively affect health?
High demands, low control over work decisions, and low social support.
Define 'sex' in the context of health studies.
The categorization of people as male or female based on biological characteristics at birth or
gestation.
Define 'gender' in the context of health studies.
A social categorization that assigns people as women or men, which may or may not correspond
to their biological sex.
Why do statistics often show that women are 'healthier' than men?
Women are more likely to report illnesses, visit doctors, engage in healthy behaviors, and avoid
unhealthy ones.
What is the difference between a medical model intervention and a social model
intervention regarding HIV?
A medical model focuses on screening and treating the infected, while a social model focuses on
strengthening social and environmental factors that protect the community.
What is the role of health workers in the medical model?
They diagnose, treat, and sanction the 'sick role'.
What is the role of health workers in the social model?
They enable people to take greater control over their own health.
What does the term 'determinants of health' refer to?
,The various social, environmental, and individual factors that influence health outcomes.
How do transgender and nonbinary people experience gender?
They experience their gender as different from the sex they were assigned at birth.
Why might the unified model of health be considered less useful for health promotion?
It leads to such diverse definitions of health that it becomes difficult to apply in practical health
promotion.
How does gender socialization influence health outcomes according to the text?
Women are socialized to be passive and dependent, while men are socialized to be aggressive
and risk-taking, leading to distinct health differences.
Why do transgender individuals often experience poorer health outcomes than cisgender
individuals?
They face unique stressors, stigma, and discrimination that act as social determinants of health.
What is the relationship between race and health status?
Race is a social construct that is strongly correlated with health status, often due to its link to
social determinants like income, employment, and housing.
Besides social determinants, what other factors contribute to racial disparities in health?
The stress of experiencing racism, the quality of health services, and attitudes toward medical
establishments based on past negative experiences.
What is a key caution when analyzing health outcomes by race or ethnicity?
Significant variation exists within racial and ethnic categories, so generalizing all members of a
group can obscure important individual differences.
How does 'place' influence health?
Place affects health through the geographic distribution of social determinants, the physical and
social environment, and shared cultural or ethnic norms.
What did the Whitehall Studies reveal about the relationship between social class and
health?
A health gradient exists where those at the top of the social hierarchy have the best health, and
those at the bottom have the worst, with a stepwise progression in between.
What physiological mechanism links chronic low social status to poor health?
Chronic stress leads to the sustained production of the hormone cortisol, which damages the
immune system.
What is the primary objective of the 'Fair Society, Healthy Lives' (Marmot Review)
report?
To provide a framework for health promotion, including objectives like giving children the best
start in life and ensuring a healthy standard of living for all.
What is a health intervention?
Any action or activity intended to affect health or one or more determinants of health.
What are the three main categories of health interventions?
Structural, community, and individual interventions.
Why is it important to measure health status and determinants?
Measurement helps set priorities, plan interventions, justify expenses, and create knowledge
about the effectiveness of specific interventions.
What is the limitation of using epidemiology to measure health as 'negative variables'?
It is a reductionist view that focuses only on illness or death rather than positive factors like well-
being.
What are 'subjective' attributes of health?
, Measures of how people experience their own health, such as functional status, psychological
well-being, social capital, and quality of life.
Define 'death rate'.
The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year, unadjusted for population characteristics like
age.
What is a 'standardized death rate'?
A death rate that has been statistically adjusted for population characteristics such as age
distribution.
Define 'perinatal death rate'.
The number of stillbirths and deaths in the first 7 days after birth per 1,000 live births.
Define 'neonatal death rate'.
The number of deaths occurring in the first 28 days after birth per 1,000 live births.
Define 'infant death rate'.
The number of deaths occurring in the first year after birth per 1,000 live births.
What is 'life expectancy'?
The average age a person can be expected to live, based on their birth year.
How does the Whitehall Study data illustrate the health gradient regarding job types?
Professionals (highest class) report the best health, while unskilled workers (lowest class) report
the poorest health, with intermediate classes falling in between.
What is the relationship between household income and mental illness risk?
There is a gradient effect where those with the lowest household incomes have the highest risk of
mental illness, and those with the highest incomes have the lowest risk.
Why do health promoters measure determinants of health rather than just health
outcomes?
Because changing determinants is often the goal of an intervention, and promoters need to know
if those goals were met.
What is the primary focus of the medical model of health?
The absence of disease and a pathogenic focus on finding biological causes for illness.
How does the social model of health differ from the medical model?
It views health as a product of social, biological, and environmental factors and emphasizes
prevention and community-based self-help.
What is the 'salutogenic' focus in the social model of health?
It emphasizes understanding the factors that keep people healthy rather than just focusing on
illness.
What are the four components of health in the holistic Medicine Wheel model?
Physical, mental, spiritual, and emotional.
What is the core requirement for health according to the Medicine Wheel?
All four components (physical, mental, spiritual, emotional) must be equally developed and in
balance.
What are the four ways of thinking about health that the unified model attempts to
reconcile?
An ideal state, mental and physical fitness, a commodity, and personal strength.
What is a major critique of Seedhouse's unified model of health?
It focuses too heavily on individual determinants while ignoring vital social determinants.
What is the central task for health promoters regarding socio-economic factors?
To acknowledge them as crucial in determining individual and population health.
PREDICTOR 2025/2026 – Complete
Remediation Guide for Exam Success
How do the authors define the nature of health and disease?
They are not objective realities waiting to be uncovered, but are actively produced and
negotiated by ordinary people.
What are the four levels of determinants of health depicted in the concentric half-circle
model?
General socio-economic/cultural/environmental conditions, living and working conditions, social
and community networks, and individual lifestyle factors (plus age, sex, and heredity).
In the concentric model of health determinants, which factors are considered most
important?
The factors furthest away from the individual, specifically the general socio-economic, cultural,
and environmental conditions.
How does income level influence health outcomes?
Higher income provides better access to clean water, food, and medical services, and reduces
stress and anxiety.
What are some physical housing factors that negatively impact health?
Inadequate heating/cooling, dampness, overcrowding, poor build quality, environmental toxins,
and proximity to pollution sources.
How does employment affect health beyond providing income?
It affects self-esteem and exposes individuals to hazardous substances, stress, and specific
occupational norms.
What are the characteristics of occupations that negatively affect health?
High demands, low control over work decisions, and low social support.
Define 'sex' in the context of health studies.
The categorization of people as male or female based on biological characteristics at birth or
gestation.
Define 'gender' in the context of health studies.
A social categorization that assigns people as women or men, which may or may not correspond
to their biological sex.
Why do statistics often show that women are 'healthier' than men?
Women are more likely to report illnesses, visit doctors, engage in healthy behaviors, and avoid
unhealthy ones.
What is the difference between a medical model intervention and a social model
intervention regarding HIV?
A medical model focuses on screening and treating the infected, while a social model focuses on
strengthening social and environmental factors that protect the community.
What is the role of health workers in the medical model?
They diagnose, treat, and sanction the 'sick role'.
What is the role of health workers in the social model?
They enable people to take greater control over their own health.
What does the term 'determinants of health' refer to?
,The various social, environmental, and individual factors that influence health outcomes.
How do transgender and nonbinary people experience gender?
They experience their gender as different from the sex they were assigned at birth.
Why might the unified model of health be considered less useful for health promotion?
It leads to such diverse definitions of health that it becomes difficult to apply in practical health
promotion.
How does gender socialization influence health outcomes according to the text?
Women are socialized to be passive and dependent, while men are socialized to be aggressive
and risk-taking, leading to distinct health differences.
Why do transgender individuals often experience poorer health outcomes than cisgender
individuals?
They face unique stressors, stigma, and discrimination that act as social determinants of health.
What is the relationship between race and health status?
Race is a social construct that is strongly correlated with health status, often due to its link to
social determinants like income, employment, and housing.
Besides social determinants, what other factors contribute to racial disparities in health?
The stress of experiencing racism, the quality of health services, and attitudes toward medical
establishments based on past negative experiences.
What is a key caution when analyzing health outcomes by race or ethnicity?
Significant variation exists within racial and ethnic categories, so generalizing all members of a
group can obscure important individual differences.
How does 'place' influence health?
Place affects health through the geographic distribution of social determinants, the physical and
social environment, and shared cultural or ethnic norms.
What did the Whitehall Studies reveal about the relationship between social class and
health?
A health gradient exists where those at the top of the social hierarchy have the best health, and
those at the bottom have the worst, with a stepwise progression in between.
What physiological mechanism links chronic low social status to poor health?
Chronic stress leads to the sustained production of the hormone cortisol, which damages the
immune system.
What is the primary objective of the 'Fair Society, Healthy Lives' (Marmot Review)
report?
To provide a framework for health promotion, including objectives like giving children the best
start in life and ensuring a healthy standard of living for all.
What is a health intervention?
Any action or activity intended to affect health or one or more determinants of health.
What are the three main categories of health interventions?
Structural, community, and individual interventions.
Why is it important to measure health status and determinants?
Measurement helps set priorities, plan interventions, justify expenses, and create knowledge
about the effectiveness of specific interventions.
What is the limitation of using epidemiology to measure health as 'negative variables'?
It is a reductionist view that focuses only on illness or death rather than positive factors like well-
being.
What are 'subjective' attributes of health?
, Measures of how people experience their own health, such as functional status, psychological
well-being, social capital, and quality of life.
Define 'death rate'.
The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year, unadjusted for population characteristics like
age.
What is a 'standardized death rate'?
A death rate that has been statistically adjusted for population characteristics such as age
distribution.
Define 'perinatal death rate'.
The number of stillbirths and deaths in the first 7 days after birth per 1,000 live births.
Define 'neonatal death rate'.
The number of deaths occurring in the first 28 days after birth per 1,000 live births.
Define 'infant death rate'.
The number of deaths occurring in the first year after birth per 1,000 live births.
What is 'life expectancy'?
The average age a person can be expected to live, based on their birth year.
How does the Whitehall Study data illustrate the health gradient regarding job types?
Professionals (highest class) report the best health, while unskilled workers (lowest class) report
the poorest health, with intermediate classes falling in between.
What is the relationship between household income and mental illness risk?
There is a gradient effect where those with the lowest household incomes have the highest risk of
mental illness, and those with the highest incomes have the lowest risk.
Why do health promoters measure determinants of health rather than just health
outcomes?
Because changing determinants is often the goal of an intervention, and promoters need to know
if those goals were met.
What is the primary focus of the medical model of health?
The absence of disease and a pathogenic focus on finding biological causes for illness.
How does the social model of health differ from the medical model?
It views health as a product of social, biological, and environmental factors and emphasizes
prevention and community-based self-help.
What is the 'salutogenic' focus in the social model of health?
It emphasizes understanding the factors that keep people healthy rather than just focusing on
illness.
What are the four components of health in the holistic Medicine Wheel model?
Physical, mental, spiritual, and emotional.
What is the core requirement for health according to the Medicine Wheel?
All four components (physical, mental, spiritual, emotional) must be equally developed and in
balance.
What are the four ways of thinking about health that the unified model attempts to
reconcile?
An ideal state, mental and physical fitness, a commodity, and personal strength.
What is a major critique of Seedhouse's unified model of health?
It focuses too heavily on individual determinants while ignoring vital social determinants.
What is the central task for health promoters regarding socio-economic factors?
To acknowledge them as crucial in determining individual and population health.
