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NUR 631 Advanced Health Assessment
Final Exam 2026/2027 | Actual Exam
Questions | Verified Answers | Detailed
Rationales | NGN | Grade A
1. Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells
undergoing compensatory:
A. Atrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C. Hyperplasia
Rationale:
1. Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain
organs to regenerate.
2. Removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells
(hepatocytes) to compensate for the loss.
3. This is a standard pathophysiology question.
2. Which of the following statements best describes Raynaud disease?
A. An inflammatory disorder of small and medium-size arteries in the feet and
sometimes in the hands
B. A neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper
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extremities
C. A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers, and
less commonly, the toes
D. An autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and
lower extremities
Correct Answer: C. A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles
of the fingers, and less commonly, the toes
Rationale:
1. Raynaud disease is a vasospastic disorder causing episodic color changes of
the fingers and toes.
2. It is triggered by cold or stress.
3. This is a standard vascular question.
3. A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and elevated
pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures
may result from this condition?
A. Right heart failure
B. Left heart failure
C. Low-output failure
D. High-output failure
Correct Answer: A. Right heart failure
Rationale:
1. Right heart failure is defined as the inability of the right ventricle to provide
adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation at a normal central venous
pressure.
2. It most often results from left heart failure when the increase in left
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ventricular filling pressure is reflected back into the pulmonary circulation.
3. As pressure in the pulmonary circulation rises, the resistance to right
ventricular emptying increases.
4. This is a standard cardiology question.
4. What physical sign is the result of turbulent blood flow through a
vessel?
A. Increased blood pressure during periods of stress
B. Bounding pulse felt on palpation
C. Cyanosis observed on excretion
D. Murmur heard on auscultation
Correct Answer: D. Murmur heard on auscultation
Rationale:
1. Where flow is obstructed or the vessel turns, or blood flows over rough
surfaces, the flow becomes turbulent with whorls or eddy currents that produce
noise, causing a murmur to be heard on auscultation.
2. This is a standard cardiovascular assessment question.
5. Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and
Down syndrome?
A. Coarctation of the aorta and pulmonary stenosis
B. Tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus
C. Atrial septal defect and dextrocardia
D. Ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus
Correct Answer: D. Ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus
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Rationale:
1. Congenital heart defects related to trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and Down
syndrome include VSD and PDA.
2. This is a standard genetics/cardiology question.
6. An infant has a continuous machine-type murmur best heard at the
left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole, as well as a
bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation. These clinical findings are
consistent with which congenital heart defect?
A. Atrial septal defect
B. Ventricular septal defect
C. Patent ductus arteriosus
D. Atrioventricular canal defect
Correct Answer: C. Patent ductus arteriosus
Rationale:
1. If pulmonary vascular resistance has fallen, infants with PDA will
characteristically have a continuous machine-type murmur best heard at the
left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole.
2. If the PDA is significant, the infant also will have bounding pulses, an active
precordium, a thrill on palpation, and signs of pulmonary overcirculation.
3. This is a standard pediatric cardiology question.
7. Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children
diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells?
A. Lying on their left side
B. Performing the Valsalva maneuver
NUR 631 Advanced Health Assessment
Final Exam 2026/2027 | Actual Exam
Questions | Verified Answers | Detailed
Rationales | NGN | Grade A
1. Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells
undergoing compensatory:
A. Atrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C. Hyperplasia
Rationale:
1. Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain
organs to regenerate.
2. Removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells
(hepatocytes) to compensate for the loss.
3. This is a standard pathophysiology question.
2. Which of the following statements best describes Raynaud disease?
A. An inflammatory disorder of small and medium-size arteries in the feet and
sometimes in the hands
B. A neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper
,2|Page
extremities
C. A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers, and
less commonly, the toes
D. An autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and
lower extremities
Correct Answer: C. A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles
of the fingers, and less commonly, the toes
Rationale:
1. Raynaud disease is a vasospastic disorder causing episodic color changes of
the fingers and toes.
2. It is triggered by cold or stress.
3. This is a standard vascular question.
3. A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and elevated
pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures
may result from this condition?
A. Right heart failure
B. Left heart failure
C. Low-output failure
D. High-output failure
Correct Answer: A. Right heart failure
Rationale:
1. Right heart failure is defined as the inability of the right ventricle to provide
adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation at a normal central venous
pressure.
2. It most often results from left heart failure when the increase in left
,3|Page
ventricular filling pressure is reflected back into the pulmonary circulation.
3. As pressure in the pulmonary circulation rises, the resistance to right
ventricular emptying increases.
4. This is a standard cardiology question.
4. What physical sign is the result of turbulent blood flow through a
vessel?
A. Increased blood pressure during periods of stress
B. Bounding pulse felt on palpation
C. Cyanosis observed on excretion
D. Murmur heard on auscultation
Correct Answer: D. Murmur heard on auscultation
Rationale:
1. Where flow is obstructed or the vessel turns, or blood flows over rough
surfaces, the flow becomes turbulent with whorls or eddy currents that produce
noise, causing a murmur to be heard on auscultation.
2. This is a standard cardiovascular assessment question.
5. Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and
Down syndrome?
A. Coarctation of the aorta and pulmonary stenosis
B. Tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus
C. Atrial septal defect and dextrocardia
D. Ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus
Correct Answer: D. Ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus
, 4|Page
Rationale:
1. Congenital heart defects related to trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and Down
syndrome include VSD and PDA.
2. This is a standard genetics/cardiology question.
6. An infant has a continuous machine-type murmur best heard at the
left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole, as well as a
bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation. These clinical findings are
consistent with which congenital heart defect?
A. Atrial septal defect
B. Ventricular septal defect
C. Patent ductus arteriosus
D. Atrioventricular canal defect
Correct Answer: C. Patent ductus arteriosus
Rationale:
1. If pulmonary vascular resistance has fallen, infants with PDA will
characteristically have a continuous machine-type murmur best heard at the
left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole.
2. If the PDA is significant, the infant also will have bounding pulses, an active
precordium, a thrill on palpation, and signs of pulmonary overcirculation.
3. This is a standard pediatric cardiology question.
7. Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children
diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells?
A. Lying on their left side
B. Performing the Valsalva maneuver
