BIO 411 EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS
WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS 2026
▶ What is water. Answer: polar molecule, good solvent, when split it can
contribute to the pH of a substance
▶ When a substance has more hydrogen ions it is.... Answer: acidic
▶ When a substance has more OH- ions it is.... Answer: basic
▶ What are buffers?. Answer: stabilizes hydrogen concentration in a
solution
▶ What is acidosis?. Answer: blood pH below 7.35
▶ What is alkalosis?. Answer: pH above 7.45
▶ What is alkaline?. Answer: solutions with a pH above 7, like a basic
▶ What are the major macromolecules?. Answer: carbohydrate, lipid,
protein
▶ What is a monosaccharide?. Answer: simple sugar
▶ What is a disaccharide?. Answer: 2 monosaccharides joined together.
▶ What is a polysaccharide?. Answer: many sugars
▶ What do lipids consist of?. Answer: glycerol head and fatty acid tails,
they are hydrophobic
▶ What are triglycerides?. Answer: fats and oils; 1 glycerol molecule
joined with 3 fatty acids
, ▶ What are saturated fats?. Answer: Solid at room temperature, higher
melting point, single bond
▶ What are unsaturated fats?. Answer: liquid at room temperature, double
bond
▶ What are phospholipids?. Answer: a lipid containing a phosphate group
in its molecule
▶ What are steroids?. Answer: Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton
made up of four fused rings.
E.g. Cholesterol
▶ What are anabolic steroids?. Answer: synthetic forms of testosterone
▶ What are proteins?. Answer: amino acids
▶ What are amino acids?. Answer: Amino acids are the building blocks of
proteins. Each has an amino group, carboxyl group, and functional group.
▶ What causes protein denaturation?. Answer: Increase in temperature,
pH change, Chemical, Enzymes
▶ What are amino acids linked by?. Answer: peptide bonds
▶ What is a glycoprotein?. Answer: protein with carbohydrate attached
▶ What is a lipoprotein?. Answer: any of a group of soluble proteins that
combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.
▶ What are enzymes?. Answer: biological catalysts that speed up
reactions, do not change the nature of the reaction
▶ What is activation energy?. Answer: energy needed to start a reaction
▶ What are catalysts?. Answer: substances that speed up chemical
reactions at lower temps
WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS 2026
▶ What is water. Answer: polar molecule, good solvent, when split it can
contribute to the pH of a substance
▶ When a substance has more hydrogen ions it is.... Answer: acidic
▶ When a substance has more OH- ions it is.... Answer: basic
▶ What are buffers?. Answer: stabilizes hydrogen concentration in a
solution
▶ What is acidosis?. Answer: blood pH below 7.35
▶ What is alkalosis?. Answer: pH above 7.45
▶ What is alkaline?. Answer: solutions with a pH above 7, like a basic
▶ What are the major macromolecules?. Answer: carbohydrate, lipid,
protein
▶ What is a monosaccharide?. Answer: simple sugar
▶ What is a disaccharide?. Answer: 2 monosaccharides joined together.
▶ What is a polysaccharide?. Answer: many sugars
▶ What do lipids consist of?. Answer: glycerol head and fatty acid tails,
they are hydrophobic
▶ What are triglycerides?. Answer: fats and oils; 1 glycerol molecule
joined with 3 fatty acids
, ▶ What are saturated fats?. Answer: Solid at room temperature, higher
melting point, single bond
▶ What are unsaturated fats?. Answer: liquid at room temperature, double
bond
▶ What are phospholipids?. Answer: a lipid containing a phosphate group
in its molecule
▶ What are steroids?. Answer: Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton
made up of four fused rings.
E.g. Cholesterol
▶ What are anabolic steroids?. Answer: synthetic forms of testosterone
▶ What are proteins?. Answer: amino acids
▶ What are amino acids?. Answer: Amino acids are the building blocks of
proteins. Each has an amino group, carboxyl group, and functional group.
▶ What causes protein denaturation?. Answer: Increase in temperature,
pH change, Chemical, Enzymes
▶ What are amino acids linked by?. Answer: peptide bonds
▶ What is a glycoprotein?. Answer: protein with carbohydrate attached
▶ What is a lipoprotein?. Answer: any of a group of soluble proteins that
combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.
▶ What are enzymes?. Answer: biological catalysts that speed up
reactions, do not change the nature of the reaction
▶ What is activation energy?. Answer: energy needed to start a reaction
▶ What are catalysts?. Answer: substances that speed up chemical
reactions at lower temps
