ALU 201 Exam (Chapter 10) –
Questions With Fully Explained
Solutions 2026
1. Ankylosing spondylitis
Answer: An inflammatory disorder of the spine that can also involve the peripheral joints. Diagnosis is
usually based on clinical features, including loss of spinal motion, decreased chest expansion, and
inflammatory back pain.
2. Reactive arthritis
Answer: Typically begins after an acute diarrheal illness caused by various bacteria. This form of
seronegative arthritis is more common in men. Alternatively, it can begin after a venereal infection, such
as chlamydia. The classic triad of reactive arthritis is: 1. arthritis (asymmetric oligoarthritis of lower
extremity joints, can involve the spine similarly to ankylosing spondylitis), 2. urethritis, 3. conjunctivitis.
3. Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
Answer: Characterized by inflammation in the walls of blood vessels of various sizes. PAN is one example
of a disorder linked to hepatitis B infection in many cases.
4. Raynaud's phenomenon
Answer: Refers to the paroxysmal pallor or cyanosis of the digits of the hands and feet where body
temperature is at its lowest.
5. Types of vasculitis
Answer: Polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, temporal arteritis.
6. Polyarteritis nodosa (medium vessel vasculitis)
Answer: Is a prime example of a medium vessel vasculitis (MVV) affecting the arteries that contain
muscular walls. The damage caused by the inflammation leads to aneurysmal formation.
, 7. Wegener's granulomatosis
Answer: A vasculitis of the small and medium vessels, affects approximately one in 20,000-30,000
people. WG affects primarily the lungs and kidneys but is not overtly apparent early in the course of the
disease.
8. Temporal arteritis
Answer: Is characterized by inflammatory changes in one of the branches of the aorta, occurring almost
exclusively in individuals older than 50 years.
9. Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)
Answer: Autoimmune disease characterized by skin hardening, can cause scarring and fibrosis in the
lungs.
10. Factors associated with poor prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis
Answer: 1. Male gender; 2. Early functional disability; 3. High titer of rheumatoid factor or antibodies to
CCP; 4. Early development of radiologic erosions; 5. Extra-articular manifestations.
11. Types of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
Answer: Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as methotrexate (Rheumatrex®);
antimalarial drugs, such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®); sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®) and leflunomide
(Arava®); "Biologic" therapies targeted at inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-alpha inhibitors that
include adalimumab (Humira®), infliximab (Remicade®), golimumab (Simponi®), certolizumab pegol
(Cimzia®), and etanercept (Enbrel®).
12. Risk factors for primary osteoporosis
Answer: 1. Increased age; 2. Female gender; 3. Early menopause (whether natural or as a result of
surgery); 4. Smoking; 5. Heavy alcohol use. Physical inactivity and thin body type are also predictors, as
is a family history of osteoporosis.
13. Preventative measures for osteoporosis
Answer: A good intake of calcium is the most important measure in this regard. The mainstay of
osteoporosis therapy is bisphosphonate treatment.
Questions With Fully Explained
Solutions 2026
1. Ankylosing spondylitis
Answer: An inflammatory disorder of the spine that can also involve the peripheral joints. Diagnosis is
usually based on clinical features, including loss of spinal motion, decreased chest expansion, and
inflammatory back pain.
2. Reactive arthritis
Answer: Typically begins after an acute diarrheal illness caused by various bacteria. This form of
seronegative arthritis is more common in men. Alternatively, it can begin after a venereal infection, such
as chlamydia. The classic triad of reactive arthritis is: 1. arthritis (asymmetric oligoarthritis of lower
extremity joints, can involve the spine similarly to ankylosing spondylitis), 2. urethritis, 3. conjunctivitis.
3. Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
Answer: Characterized by inflammation in the walls of blood vessels of various sizes. PAN is one example
of a disorder linked to hepatitis B infection in many cases.
4. Raynaud's phenomenon
Answer: Refers to the paroxysmal pallor or cyanosis of the digits of the hands and feet where body
temperature is at its lowest.
5. Types of vasculitis
Answer: Polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, temporal arteritis.
6. Polyarteritis nodosa (medium vessel vasculitis)
Answer: Is a prime example of a medium vessel vasculitis (MVV) affecting the arteries that contain
muscular walls. The damage caused by the inflammation leads to aneurysmal formation.
, 7. Wegener's granulomatosis
Answer: A vasculitis of the small and medium vessels, affects approximately one in 20,000-30,000
people. WG affects primarily the lungs and kidneys but is not overtly apparent early in the course of the
disease.
8. Temporal arteritis
Answer: Is characterized by inflammatory changes in one of the branches of the aorta, occurring almost
exclusively in individuals older than 50 years.
9. Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)
Answer: Autoimmune disease characterized by skin hardening, can cause scarring and fibrosis in the
lungs.
10. Factors associated with poor prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis
Answer: 1. Male gender; 2. Early functional disability; 3. High titer of rheumatoid factor or antibodies to
CCP; 4. Early development of radiologic erosions; 5. Extra-articular manifestations.
11. Types of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
Answer: Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as methotrexate (Rheumatrex®);
antimalarial drugs, such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®); sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®) and leflunomide
(Arava®); "Biologic" therapies targeted at inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-alpha inhibitors that
include adalimumab (Humira®), infliximab (Remicade®), golimumab (Simponi®), certolizumab pegol
(Cimzia®), and etanercept (Enbrel®).
12. Risk factors for primary osteoporosis
Answer: 1. Increased age; 2. Female gender; 3. Early menopause (whether natural or as a result of
surgery); 4. Smoking; 5. Heavy alcohol use. Physical inactivity and thin body type are also predictors, as
is a family history of osteoporosis.
13. Preventative measures for osteoporosis
Answer: A good intake of calcium is the most important measure in this regard. The mainstay of
osteoporosis therapy is bisphosphonate treatment.
