MMSC 423 HEMATOLOGY EXAMINATION
TEST 2026 ADVANCED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS FULLY SOLVED A+
●● What is the buffy coat? Answer: Leukocytes and platelets that layer
between plasma and erythrocytes after centrifugation.
●● What is hemostasis? Answer: The arrest of bleeding by spontaneous
formation of the hemostatic platelet plug.
●● What are the major elements of plasma? Answer: Water, proteins,
clotting factors, electrolytes.
●● How does serum differ from plasma regarding coagulation factors?
Answer: Serum is obtained after blood has clotted and lacks coagulation
factors, while plasma is obtained from anticoagulated blood and contains
coagulation factors.
●● What is vasoconstriction? Answer: The narrowing of the blood
vessel following injury to limit blood loss.
●● What is thrombocytopenia? Answer: A condition characterized by
low platelets.
, ●● What is thrombocytosis? Answer: A condition characterized by high
platelets.
●● What is prostacyclin (PGI₂) and its function? Answer: A substance
produced by endothelial cells that inhibits platelet activation and causes
vasodilation.
●● What is nitric oxide (NO) and its function? Answer: A gas produced
by endothelial cells that causes vasodilation and inhibits platelet
activation.
●● What is heparan sulfate? Answer: A molecule on the surface of
endothelial cells that enhances the activity of antithrombin, inhibiting
coagulation factors.
●● What is Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI)? Answer: An
anticoagulant protein produced by endothelial cells that inhibits Factor
Xa and the Factor VIIa-tissue factor complex.
●● What is thrombomodulin? Answer: A receptor on endothelial cells
that binds thrombin and activates Protein C, slowing coagulation.
●● What is the role of the Endothelial Protein C Receptor (EPCR)?
Answer: A receptor on endothelial cells that increases the rate of Protein
C activation.
TEST 2026 ADVANCED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS FULLY SOLVED A+
●● What is the buffy coat? Answer: Leukocytes and platelets that layer
between plasma and erythrocytes after centrifugation.
●● What is hemostasis? Answer: The arrest of bleeding by spontaneous
formation of the hemostatic platelet plug.
●● What are the major elements of plasma? Answer: Water, proteins,
clotting factors, electrolytes.
●● How does serum differ from plasma regarding coagulation factors?
Answer: Serum is obtained after blood has clotted and lacks coagulation
factors, while plasma is obtained from anticoagulated blood and contains
coagulation factors.
●● What is vasoconstriction? Answer: The narrowing of the blood
vessel following injury to limit blood loss.
●● What is thrombocytopenia? Answer: A condition characterized by
low platelets.
, ●● What is thrombocytosis? Answer: A condition characterized by high
platelets.
●● What is prostacyclin (PGI₂) and its function? Answer: A substance
produced by endothelial cells that inhibits platelet activation and causes
vasodilation.
●● What is nitric oxide (NO) and its function? Answer: A gas produced
by endothelial cells that causes vasodilation and inhibits platelet
activation.
●● What is heparan sulfate? Answer: A molecule on the surface of
endothelial cells that enhances the activity of antithrombin, inhibiting
coagulation factors.
●● What is Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI)? Answer: An
anticoagulant protein produced by endothelial cells that inhibits Factor
Xa and the Factor VIIa-tissue factor complex.
●● What is thrombomodulin? Answer: A receptor on endothelial cells
that binds thrombin and activates Protein C, slowing coagulation.
●● What is the role of the Endothelial Protein C Receptor (EPCR)?
Answer: A receptor on endothelial cells that increases the rate of Protein
C activation.
