NSG 526/ NSG526 Exam 2 V1 – Advanced Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Practice 2026/2027 | Wilkes | Latest Questions & Verified Answers

NSG 526/ NSG526 Exam 2 V1 – Advanced Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Practice 2026/2027 | Wilkes | Latest Questions & Verified Answers Which one of the following is the focus of interpersonal therapy? A) Anxiety management B) Belief systems C) Faulty cognitions D) Social interaction D. social interaction A patient tells the psychiatric advanced practice nurse she is going to try supplementing her selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with St. John's wort. Which action should the psychiatric advanced practice nurse take first? a) Assess the patient for depression and risk for suicide. b) Suggest that aromatherapy may produce even better results. c) Advise her of the danger of serotonin syndrome. d) Suggest she consider decreasing the dosage of her antidepressan C. advise her of the danger of serotonin syndrome Which of the following is not a technique used in cognitive therapy? A) Reattribution B) Role-playing C) Abreaction D) Developing alternatives C. Abreaction The psychiatric advanced practice nurse is developing the care plan for an 8-year-old child with intermittent explosive disorder. Based on Piaget, which of the following goals would be appropriate? The child will: a) connect consequences of his behavior with the behavior itself. b) generalize the consequences of his anger and aggression to different situations c) identify situations in which he is likely to feel abandoned. d) experience an increase in autonomous behavior. A. connect consequences of his behavior with the behavior itself. In Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, it is often helpful to view people as separate from their problems and behaviors. This empowers them to make changes in their thought patterns and behaviors. Which type of therapy would utilize this approach? A) Psychoanalysis B) Narrative Therapy C) Strategic Therapy D) Psychodynamic therapy B. Narrative Therapy Characteristics of cognitive-behavioral therapy include: (Select all that apply.) a) Not time limited b) Active c) Directive d) Collaborative e) Unstructured B. active C. directive, D. collaborative. What theorist is considered the "father of CBT" Aaron Beck who developed the cognitive rational emotive theory and theory of behavior change Albert Ellis researched operant conditioning, in which voluntary behaviors are learned through consequences and behavioral responses are elicited through reinforcement, which causes a behavior to occur more frequently. Skinner in this theory, Skinner proposed: A consequence can be a positive reinforcement, such as receiving a reward (getting a 3.8 GPA after studying hard all semester), or a negative reinforcement, such as the removal of an objectionable or aversive stimulus (walking freely through a park once the vicious dog is picked up by the dogcatcher). operant conditioning who created the theory of operant conditioning Skinner Who is credited with identifying the 12 factors that make groups therapeutic? Yalom one of the 12 therapeutic factors (Yalom): The recognition of shared experiences and feelings among group members and that these may be widespread or universal human concerns, serves to remove a group member's sense of isolation, validate their experiences, and raise self-esteem. Universality One of the 12 therapeutic factors (Yalom): The group is a place where members can help each other, and the experience of being able to give something to another person can lift the member's self esteem and help develop more adaptive coping styles and interpersonal skills. Altruism one of the 12 therapeutic factors (Yalom): In a mixed group that has members at various stages of development or recovery, a member can be inspired and encouraged by another member who has overcome the problems with which they are still struggling. Instillation of hope one of the 12 therapeutic factors (Yalom): While this is not strictly speaking a psychotherapeutic process, members often report that it has been very helpful to learn factual information from other members in the group, for example, about their treatment or about access to services. Imparting information One of the 12 therapeutic factors (Yalom): Members often unconsciously identify the group therapist and other group members with their own parents and siblings in a process that is a form of transference specific to group psychotherapy. The therapist's interpretations can help group members gain understanding of the impact of childhood experiences on their personality, and they may learn to avoid unconsciously repeating unhelpful past interactive patterns in present-day relationships corrective recapitulation of primary family experience one of the 12 therapeutic factors (yalom): The group setting provides a safe and supportive environment for members to take risks by extending their repertoire of interpersonal behavior and improving their social skills. development of socializing techniques one of the 12 therapeutic techniques (Yalom): One way in which group members can develop social skills is through a modeling process, observing and imitating the therapist and other group members. For example, sharing personal feelings, showing concern, and supporting others. Imitative behavior one of the 12 therapeutic techniques (Yalom): Is the primary therapeutic factor from which all others flow. Humans are herd animals with an instinctive need to belong to groups, and personal development can only take place in an interpersonal context. A cohesive group is one in which all members feel a sense of belonging, acceptance, and validation. Cohesiveness one of the 12 therapeutic techniques (Yalom) Learning that one has to take responsibility for one's own life and the consequences of one's decisions. existential factors one of the 12 therapeutic factors (Yalom) The experience of relief from emotional distress through the free and uninhibited expression of emotion. When members tell their story to a supportive audience, they can obtain relief from chronic feelings of shame and guilt. We refer to catharsis as “getting things off our chest.” catharsis one of the 12 therapeutic factors (Yalom): Group members achieve a greater level of self-awareness through the process of interacting with others in the group, who give feedback on the member's behavior and impact on others. interpersonal learning one of the 12 therapuetic factors (Yalom) This factor overlaps with interpersonal learning but refers to the achievement of greater levels of insight into the genesis of one's problems and the unconscious motivations that underlie one's behavior. Self-understanding what is the primary therapeutic factor of group therapy? cohesiveness 20. A patient in a support group says, Im tired of being sick. Everyone always helps me, but I will be glad when I can help someone else. This statement reflects: a. altruism. b. universality. c. cohesiveness. d. corrective recapitulation. A. altruism 9. Which patient would the group co-leaders determine is demonstrating the Yaloms therapeutic factor termed universality? a. Patient A, who states he realizes he is not the only person who has a problem with loneliness b. Patient B, who displays dysfunctional interaction patterns learned in his family of origin c. Patient C, who states he finally feels a strong sense of belonging d. Patient D, who openly expresses his anger about his work A. patient A, who states he realizes he is not the only person who has a problem with loneliness Today's cognitive therapy owes its origins to many great thinkers and researchers, most notably____________ and _____________, each who independently developed cognitive approaches to the treatment of psychopathology Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck ______________ developed the cognitive model of depression and the concept that cognitive processing distortions underlie psychological disorders. Aaron Beck 7. When leading a discussion about cognitive theories of mental health, a nursing instructor would most appropriately mention the contributions of which of the following? A. Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis B. Kurt Lewin and Leon Festinger C. John Watson and Joseph Wolpe D. Alfred Adler and Carl Jung A. Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis According to Beck's theory, depression can develop, persist, and recur as a result of cognitive structures called ___________ Shemas Schemas may develop in part due to childhood experiences, but may also continue to form or develop later in life. They can be adaptive or maladaptive for the individual. For example, schemas may steer an individual to attend to negative events more so than positive events and to the selective recall of negativity. According to Beck et al. (1979), depression can be understood via schemas, cognitive errors, and the __________ ___________(i.e., negative views of self, tendency toward interpreting experiences in a negative manner, and holding negative views of the future). cognitive triad what 3 things make up beck's cognitive triad? 1. View of self 2. View of world/experiences 3. View of future ____________ theories have roots in greek stoic philosophers cognitive theories ________________asserts that it is the way we think about a situation, rather than the situation itself, that leads us to feel a particular emotion and behave in a particular way. Cognitive theory ____________ developed by Aaron T. Beck, is based on the philosophy that people can learn to be their own therapist. Emphasis is on the rearrangement of a person’s maladaptive processes of thinking, perception, and attitudes utilizing an active, time-limited approach. Cognitive therapy 6. Which of the following is a goal of cognitive rehabilitation therapy? A. To change the way the patient perceives psychotic symptoms B. To improve the patient's compliance with the medication schedule C. To improve the patient's memory and thinking D. To facilitate the patient's activities of daily living C. improve the patient's memory and thinking 25. Which measure consistent with the use of cognitive therapy could the nurse incorporate into the treatment plan of a chronically depressed patient? a. Approach the patient with cheerful affect and optimistic remarks. b. Ignore the patients pessimistic statements; give attention for positive thinking. c. Identify negative evaluations and challenge pessimistic beliefs. d. Seek to uncover unconscious conflicts about significant relationships. C. identify negative evaluations and challenge pessimistic beliefs a tool that can be used to measure maladaptive emotions and beliefs initially and at frequent intervals (developed by Beck) *measures symptoms of depression with a series of questions, gives you a score Beck's Depression Inventory [BDI] based on both cognitive psychology and behavioral theory and emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do. cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) ****Cognitive-behavioral therapists teach that when our brains are healthy, it is our thinking that causes us to feel and act the way we do. ****if we are experiencing unwanted feelings and behaviors, it is important to identify the thinking that is causing the feelings/behaviors and to learn how to replace this thinking with thoughts that lead to more desirable reactions Cognitive-behavioral therapy is based on the scientific fact that our ________ cause our feelings and behaviors, not external things, like people, situations, and events. thoughts The benefit of this fact is that we can change the way we think to feel/act better even if the situation does not change. true or false CBT is brief and time-limited. TRUE Cognitive-behavioral therapy is considered among the "fastest" in terms of results obtained. The average number of sessions clients receive (across all types of problems) is only 16. 11. The nurse is working with a patient with an anxiety disorder whose treatment includes cognitive behavioral therapy. Which statement by the patient gives the nurse reason to assume that the patient has an understanding of the basis of this type of therapy? a. My abusive childhood has resulted in my overreaction to stress. b. My delusional thoughts of extreme anxiety are what cause my panic attacks. c. My brain chemistry causes me to overreact to common stress by getting so anxious. d. Ive learned to react to my daily stress by having anxious thoughts and panic attacks. D. I've learned to react to my daily stress by having anxious thoughts and panic attacks 2. Long-term prognosis for eating disorders is improved dramatically when treatment includes long-term cognitive-behavioral therapy. What statement provides the best explanation to the patient for this component to the treatment plan? a. This will help you identify a healthy, weight restoration diet. b. Medication alone will not help you from relapsing back to your old habits. c. In order to manage your disorder, you have to understand the root problems. d. Prognosis has been proven to be much better with both medication and therapy. C. in order to manage your disorder, you have to understand the root problems 10. Guidelines followed by the leader of a therapeutic group include focusing on recognizing dysfunctional behavior and thinking patterns, followed by identifying and practicing more adaptive alternate behaviors and thinking. Which theory is evident by this approach? a. Behavioral b. Interpersonal c. Psychodynamic d. Cognitive-behavioral d. cognitive behavioral A type of CBT that views people as separate from their problems and destructive behaviors *** allows clients to get some distance from the difficulty they face; this helps them to see how it might actually be helping or protecting them, more than it is hurting them. Narrative Therapy _____________ psychotherapy is a type of therapy that primarily focuses on providing emotional support, encouragement, and validation during difficult life circumstances or psychological challenges. Supportive psychotherapy __________________ is a comprehensive cognitive behavioral treatment. It aims to treat people who see little or no improvement with other therapy models. This treatment focuses on problem-solving and acceptance-based strategies. It operates within a framework of dialectical methods Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) 9. The family of a child diagnosed with an impulse control disorder needs help to function more adaptively. Which aspect of the child's plan of care will be provided by an advanced practice nurse rather than a staff nurse? a. Leading an activity group b. Providing positive feedback c. Formulating nursing diagnoses d. Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) D. Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) *** Currently, DBT is used to treat people with chronic or severe mental health issues. Issues DBT treats include self-harm, eating and food issues, addiction, and posttraumatic stress, as well as borderline personality. DBT was originally designed to treat people who had chronic suicidal thoughts as a symptom of borderline personality. __________ is a cognitive behavioral therapy that is aimed at treating individuals who have been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder or individuals who deliberately partake in self-destructive behavior or have suicidal thoughts ****helps individuals regulate their emotions and take responsibility for their own behavior and problems. teaches an individual how to cope with conflict,, negative feelings, and impulsivity dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) _________ therapy is based on the assumption that changes in maladaptive behavior can occur without insight into the underlying cause. This approach works best when it is directed at specific problems and the goals are well defined. behavioral therapy Behavioral therapy is effective in treating people with phobias, alcoholism, schizophrenia, and many other conditions What are the four types of behavioral therapy? (MOSA) 1. Modeling 2. Operant Conditioning 3. Systemic Desensitization 4. Aversion Therapy in this type of behavioral therapy, the nurse/therapist provides a role model for specific identified behaviors, and the client learns through imitation. Modeling a form of behavioral therapy - ________________ is the basis for behavior modification and uses positive reinforcement to increase desired behaviors operant conditioning a form of behavioral therapy ---- ____________ is a behavior modification therapy that involves the development of behavioral tasks customized to the client's specific fears; these tasks are presented to the client while using learned relaxation techniques. systematic desensitization in this form of therapy, the assumption is that psychiatric disorders are influenced by interpersonal interactions and the social context. The goal of __________ psychotherapy is to reduce or eliminate psychiatric symptoms (particularly depression) by improving interpersonal functioning and satisfaction with social relationships interpersonal therapy who founded interpersonal therapy Adolph Meyer and Harry Stack Sullivan what are the four identified problem areas that are investigated/treated in interpersonal therapy 1. Grief - complicated bereavement following the death or loss of a loved one 2. Role disputes - conflicts with a significant other 3. Role transition - problematic change in life status or social or vocational role 4. Interpersonal deficit - an inability to initiate or sustain close relationships _________ therapy takes naturally occurring events in the environment and uses them as rich learning opportunities for clients. mileu therapy mileu therapy. - psychotherapy in which the patient's social environment is controlled or manipulated with a view to preventing self-destructive behavior. founder of milieu therapy Bruno Bettelheim ___________________ sometimes referred to as in vivo exposure therapy, is a form of behavior therapy and desensitization. It is used to treat phobia and anxiety disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder. It works by exposing the patient to their painful memories,[1] with the goal of reintegrating their repressed emotions with their current awareness Flooding who created flooding therapy Thomas Stampfi flooding therapy A behavioral treatment for phobias that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus, thereby providing maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extinguished. the primary purpose of ______________ is to facilitate changes by the patient to address identified problems. ****method where individuals with a common purpose come together and benefit by both giving and recieving feedback within the dynamic and unique context of the group group therapy in group therapy: - all that is said in the group group content in group therapy: - the dynamics of interaction among the members (ex. who talks to whom, facial expressions, and body language) group process in group therapy: -members experssed ideas or feelings that recur and have a common thread -the leader can clarify a ________ to help members recognize i more fully group theme in group therapy: -letting group members know how they affect each other group feedback in group therapy - -open disagreement among members (positive conflict resolution within a group is key to successful outcomes) group conflict type of group- a group in which a range of differences exist among members heterogenous group type of group - a group in which all members share central traits e.g. mens group, bipolar disorder group homogenous group type of group - a group in which membership is restricted, NO new members are added when members leave closed group type of group - a group in which new members are added as others leave open group a type of group in which individuals come together to address a common issue or condition **NOT considered group therapy - group therapy is led by a licensed professional, this is not. this is led by a peer or fellow group member self-help group type of group in which it is structured for the purpose of providing clients with the opportunity to maintain or enhance personal/shared understanding support group person in the group therapy session that has the responsibilities of: initiating, maintaining, and terminating the group session group leader type of group leadership style: exerts control over the group and does NOT encourage much interaction among memebers autocratic type of group leadership: supports extensive group interaction in the process of problem-solving ***Most common with group therapy democratic leader type of group leader: - allows group members to behave in any way they choose, does not attempt to control the group discussion Laissez-Faire leader what are the three types of roles of group members in group therapy 1. task roles 2. maintenance roles 3. individual roles 12. Which remark by a group participant would the nurse expect during the working stage of group therapy? a. My problems are very personal and private. How do I know people in this group will not tell others what you hear? b. I have enjoyed this group. It's hard to believe that a few weeks ago I couldn't even bring myself to talk here. c. One thing everyone seems to have in common is that sometimes its hard to be honest with those you love most. d. I don't think I agree with your action. It might help you, but it seems like it would upset your family. D. I don't think I agree with your action. It might help you, but it seems like it would upset your family. 10. A nurse, leading an inpatient group dealing with womens issues, identifies a patient who is assuming the role of aggressor. Which behavior characterizes this role? a. Attempting to manipulate others b. Mediating conflicts and disagreements c. Criticizing the contributions of others d. Seeking a position between contending sides C. Criticizing the contributions of others. Which of the following is true of individual therapy and group therapy? A. Change takes place at the same rate for each patient in a group, whereas patients in individual therapy may change at different rates B. Both are within the scope of practice for nurses with bachelor's degrees C. Group therapy takes into account the patient's relationships with others, whereas individual therapy considers the patient in isolation D. In both, the therapist engages the patient(s) in evaluation of the direction and effectiveness of the therapeutic approach D. in both, the therapist engages the patient(s) in the evaluation of the direction and effectiveness of the therapeutic approach. a form of integrative care. Integrative care places the client at the center of care, focuses on prevention and wellness, and attends to the client's physical, mental, and spiritual needs Complimentary and. alternative medicine (CAM) ***Integrative care is directed at healing and considers the whole person (mind, body, and spirit), along with the lifestyle of the person. The ___________ is an organization that supports fair and scientific evaluation of integrative therapies and dissemination of information that allows health care providers to make good choices regarding the safety and appropriateness of CAM National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Difference between Western medicine and CAM: _________ focuses on what is done to the patient ________ focuses on mind-body interactions Western medicine focuses on what is done to the patient CAM focuses on mind-body interactions ___________ is the use of some form of external equipment or method of feedback (some as simple as a handheld thermometer) that informs a person about his or her psychophysiological processes and state of arousal Biofeedback use of electrodes or monitoring equipment are used in biofeedback - *** Several different relaxation exercises are used in biofeedback therapy, including: Deep breathing Progressive muscle relaxation -- alternately tightening and then relaxing different muscle groups Guided imagery -- concentrating on a specific image (such as the color and texture of an orange) to focus your mind and make you feel more relaxed Mindfulness meditation -- focusing your thoughts and letting go of negative emotions 2. A patient reports little change in her blood pressure even though she has been doing the biofeedback exercises stating that, The machine has not been successful. The nurse will observe the next session being aware that: a. There are several different components that need to be mastered in order to achieve successful biofeedback results. b. The machine is a critical component of biofeedback during all phases and its response needs to be monitored by a professional. c. A patients relaxation skills need to be excellent because muscle responses play a large role in determining the success of biofeedback. d. The patients mood and emotional stability affects ones ability to alter physiological results and thus affect positive results from biofeedback. A. there are several different components that need to be mastered in order to achieve successful biofeedback results unique holistic practice and way of life that incorporates meditation, poses (asanas), and breathing. ***the practice includes standing, sitting, balancing, and breathing poses, as well as twists and inversion movements, each designed to offer particular health and spiritual benefits. Yoga family of procedures involving the stimulation of anatomical points on the body using a variety of techniques. **involves penetrating the skin with thin, solid, metallic needles that are manipulated by the hands or by electrical stimulation. Acupuncture The premise for ______________ is that healing is promoted by balancing the body’s energies. **** a modality developed in the 1970s by Dolores Krieger, a nursing professor at New York University, and Dora Kunz, a Canadian healer. Practitioners then assess the energy field, clear and balance it through hand movements, and/or direct energy in a specific region of the body. Therapeutic touch ***The therapist does not physically touch the client. After undergoing a session of therapeutic touch, clients report a sense of deep relaxation. A technique for dealing with an over talkative client and silence from other participants in a group during therapy make an observation about the group's silence and invite the others to comment Form of therapy - consists of active questioning, homework assignments, and dream survey. The therapist helps the patient consider personal ideas and beliefs in order to increase the patient's realization about how thoughts influence behaviors. CBT requires consideration of the client's social, economic, and cultural status. Mileu therapy who assumed that distorted thinking contributes to and maintains behavior (symptoms Beck who founded: RET (Rational Emotive Therapy) a form of cbt Ellis unrealistic and irrational beliefs cause many emotional problems. The purpose of _______therapy is to identify an irrational belief and dispute it through active, philosophical, confrontational therapy. RET (rational emotive therapy) an assumption of _______ therapy: People make themselves sick anytime they escalate a desire or preference into a demand or absolute must. (People become who they become based on their beliefs). RET (rational emotive therapy) operant conditioning was founded by who skinner voluntary behaviors are learned through consequences, and behavioral responses are elicited through reinforcement, which causes a behavior to occur more frequently. Positive reinforcement- getting a gift, or negative reinforcement- removal of objectionable' or aversive stimulus operant conditioning Primary purpose of ___________: (1) human beings are social animals, and (2) that we heal in community. This is why group therapy is so efficacious. This correlated to Maslow's third level in his hierarchy of needs; the need for love and belonging. People benefit by both giving and receiving feedback Group therapy role of ______ in group therapy: Shares facts or own experience as an authority figure information giver Characteristics of a good ___________ - must be thoughtful about communication techniques, since these have a tremendous impact on group content and process. group leader who invented theory of cognitive development Piaget Refers to one's ability to understand the world, including interaction with stimuli and objects in the environment, social interactions related to thinking patterns, and how one receives and stores information cognitive development Piaget identified how many major developmental stages that children progress through when moving from infancy and continuing into early adolescence? four stages what are the four stages of cognitive devleopment according to piaget? 1. sensorimotor - birth to 2 years 2. preoperational - 2-7 years 3. Concrete operation - 7-12 years 4. formal operational - 12 years- adulthood what is the first stage of cognitive development (Piaget) sensorimotor - birth to 2 years key components - circular reactions, object permanence what is the second stage of cognitive development (piaget) preoperational - 2-7 years key components - symbolic play, magical thinking what is the third stage of cognitive development (piaget) concrete operational - 7-12 years. key components - reversibility, conservation what is the last (fourth) stage of cognitive development (piaget) formal operational - ages 12-adulthood key components - abstract thinking, logical thinking benefits of ____________, developed by Keiger useful in relieving premenstrual syndrome, depression, complications in premature babies, and secondary infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HN) infection; lowering blood pressure; decreasing edema; easing abdominal cramps and nausea; resolving fevers; and accelerating the healing of fractures, wounds, and infections. therapeutic touch Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs (bottom to top) 1. physiological 2. safety 3. love/belonging 4. esteem 5. self-actualization A technique used in Behavioral therapy: __________ is used widely today to treat behaviors such as alcoholism, sexual deviation, shoplifting, hallucinations, violent and aggressive behavior, and self mutilation Pairing of a maladaptive behavior with a noxious stimulus (e.g., pairing the sight and smell of alcohol with electric shock), so that anxiety or fear becomes associated with the once pleasurable stimulus Punishment (e.g., punishment applied after the client has had an alcohol drink) Avoidance training (e.g., client avoids punishment by pushing a glass of alcohol away within a certain lime limit) Aversion Therapy used when less drastic measures have failed what phase of group therapy: The purpose of the group is stated, and members are encouraged to get to know one another. Initially, members may be overly silent or overbearing because they have not yet established trust with one another. orientation phase what phase of group therapy: As group members begin to feel safe within the group, conflicts may be expressed, which should be viewed by the group leader as a positive opportunity for group growth. It is important for the leader to guide and support conflict resolution. working phase what phase of group therapy: the group leader's role is to encourage members to reflect on progress they have made and identify post-termination goals. Members may experience feelings of loss or anger about the group ending; at times, these feelings can be directed toward other group members or the leader. termination phase Group therapy correlates to what level on Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Stage 3 - Love and belonging These are examples of what type of group? Twelve-step groups that use a common model for recovery: Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) Gamblers Anonymous (GA) Overeaters Anonymous (OA) Narcotics Anonymous (NA) Self-help group These are examples of what type of group?: Bereavement groups for those who have experienced the loss of a loved one Suicide survivor groups for those who have lost a love one to suicide National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) groups for patient/family support, education, and advocacy Cancer support groups for families and patients coping with the ramifications of this illness Internet support groups for a growing number of people, providing online, real-time interaction and support support groups _____________ theorists have no concern with inner conflicts but argue that personality simply consists of learned behaviors. Behavioral who theorized classical conditioning? Pavlvov Classical Conditioning: It is important to recognize that classical conditioned responses are involuntary, not under conscious personal control, and are not spontaneous choices. _______________ developed the school of thought referred to as behaviorism, which he believed was more objective or measurable. Watson contended that personality traits and responses, adaptive and maladaptive, were socially learned through classical conditioning John B. Watson Behaviorism theory Experiment that was the basis of this theory: when a neutral stimulus (a bell) was repeatedly paired with another stimulus (food that triggered salivation), eventually the sound of the bell alone could elicit salivation in the dogs. Classical conditioning by Pavlov (Pavlovs dog) Experiment that was the basis of this theory?: Little Albert, a 9-month-old who like animals, and made a loud noise with a hammer every time the infant reached for a white rat. After this experiment, Little Albert became terrified at the sight of white fur or hair, even in the absence of a loud noise. Behaviorism theory by john b watson Watson concluded that behavior could be molded by controlling the environment and that anyone could be trained. True or false Aaron Beck believed in the concept that cognitive processing distortions underlie psychological disorders. True Who assumed this?: Assumption: children construct their own knowledge in response to their experiences. Learn many things on own without intervention, children are intrinsically motivated to learn Piaget cognitive development theory (4 stages) True or false: Therapists can share personal information with patients by using self-disclosure: demonstrate how you had changed similar automatic thoughts. True an exaggerated or irrational thought pattern involved in the onset or perpetuation of psychopathological states, such as depression and anxiety. cognitive distortions true or false: negative schemas can stay dormant until a life situation arises and can trigger the schema to activate true Example: I must be loved to be worthwhile" may be triggered through their processing of an external, stressful life event such as the ending of an intimate relationship. The "I must be loved to be worthwhile" schema may not generally be active, but when the person's partner terminates their relationship (a stressful event), this belief may then become activated and thus the person is more susceptible to depression. ______________- include such factors as thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, assumptions, expectations, standards, images, goals, memories, and perceptions.` cognitions certain cognitions (e.g., maladaptive beliefs, irrational thoughts, dysfunctional schemas, and problematic information processing) likely lead to emotional distress and behavioral difficulties and thus modification of cognitions and cognitive patterns is required to effect change.q assumption of what theory/therapy?: Distorted thinking contributes to and maintains behavior (symptoms) cognitive therapy goal of cognitive therapym- To limit the severity and debilitating aspects of symptoms. CBT technique: The therapist asks the client to defend his or her thinking. It the client is unable to substantiate the beliefs, then the therapist points out the error in the clients thinking. Validity testing CBT technique: The client is asked to think about and recreate a difficult situation from their past. The client and the therapist work through a positive solution to the problem. The client is shown how to draw from this rehearsed solution to better cope with similar future problems. cognitive rehearsal CBT Technique: The therapist asks the client questions designed to guide the client towards the reasons for the cognitive distortion. Guided discovery CBT Technique: The client keeps a journal about day to day interactions. The therapist reviews the journal with the client to discover maladaptive behaviors and to then discover how these thoughts impact behavior. writing in a journal CBT technique: The therapist may assign homework assignment to include, journaling, reading, note taking, audio recording. The goal of this technique is to bring to light new solutions to behavior and thinking distortions discovered and applying newly learned strategies and coping skills. Homework CBT Technique: The therapist conducts role playing exercises to demonstrate appropriate reactions to different situation. The client then models the appropriate behavior. Modeling CBT technique: Positive behavior is rewarded and motivated. Rules are established by the therapist that specifies behaviors to be rewarded. This technique is based largely on behaviorism. Tokens for example are used to note a reward; accumulated tokens are then rewarded with an established reward. systematic positive reinforment CBT technique: This technique uses principles of classical conditioning to lessen the appeal of a behavior that is difficult to change because of the habitual nature. The behavior is exposed to unpleasant stimulus while engaged in the behavior. Eventually the behavior is associated with the unpleasant stimulus. Aversive conditioning (Similar to aversion therapy) A type of talk therapy that is based on CBT, but it is specially adapted for people who experience emotions very intensively DBT (Dialectical behavioral therapy)