Psychology Exam 2 – Introductory Psychology (PSY 101) – Comprehensive Lecture Notes and Practice Questions

Psychology Exam 2 – Introductory Psychology (PSY 101) –
Comprehensive Lecture Notes and Practice Questions
 Learning - Correct Answer -relatively permanent change in knowledge/behavior
arising from experience

 Classical Conditioning - Correct Answer -we learn to associate two stimuli and thus
to anticipate events

 Pavlov - Correct Answer -classical conditioning, putting food in a dog’s mouth caused
the animal to salivate. dog began salivating at the sight of food

 Unconditioned Response - Correct Answer -naturally occurring response to the
unconditioned stimulus (salvation in response to food)

 Unconditioned Stimulus - Correct Answer -stimulus that unconditionally (naturally
and automatically) triggers a response (food in mouth triggers salvation)

 Conditioned Response - Correct Answer -the learned response to a previously
neutral stimulus (salvation in response to the tone was conditional upon the dog's
learning the association between the tone and food)

 Conditioned Stimulus - Correct Answer -an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after
association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
(tone stimulus now triggers the conditional salvation)

 Little Albert - Correct Answer -taught to be afraid of things that are white. He sees a
white rat, they bang a metal pole and he gets afraid. They do it continuously and he
eventually starts crying at the sight of the rat.

 Tolerance - Correct Answer -diminished response to a drug after repeated use

 Clever Hans - Correct Answer -horse that learned to do math by picking up on signals
from his master

 Extinction - Correct Answer -the diminished responding that occurs when the
conditioned stimulus (tone) no longer signals the impending unconditioned stimulus
(food)

 Spontaneous Recovery - Correct Answer -the reappearance of the conditioned
response triggered by the conditioned stimulus after a pause

 Response Generalization - Correct Answer -tendency for stimuli similar to the
conditioned stimulus to trigger the conditioned response



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,  Stimulus Discrimination - Correct Answer -in classical conditioning, the learned
ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

 Higher-Order Conditioning - Correct Answer -conditioned stimulus in one
conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second
(often weaker) conditioned stimulus (dog knows that tone=food=salvation, may learn
light=tone=food=salvation)

 Scapegoat Food (Classical Conditioning) - Correct Answer -cancer patients receiving
chemotherapy can learn to associate the nausea with a new food. Patients ate
hospital food and kept their weight (experiment worked). us=chemotherapy,
urn=nausea, as=maple off ice cream, cry=nausea

 Associative Learning - Correct Answer -certain things occur together. the events may
be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant
conditioning)

 Operant Conditioning - Correct Answer -we learn to associate a response and its
consequences and thus repeat actions followed by good results.

 Operant Behavior - Correct Answer -behavior that operates on the environment to
produce consequences

 Law of Effect - Correct Answer -rewarded behavior is likely to recur.

 Skinner - Correct Answer -Operant Conditioning experiments. Taught pigeons to
walk, play ping-pong and keep a missile on course.

 Skinner's Box - Correct Answer -operant chamber, has a bar or key that an animal
presses or pecks to release a reward of food or water, and a devise that records the
responses.

 Shaping - Correct Answer -Operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide
behavior toward closer and closer approximations

 Negative Reinforcement - Correct Answer -positive behavior followed by removal of
negative consequences

 Positive Punishment - Correct Answer -decrease in a negative behavior followed by
positive consequence

 Observational Learning - Correct Answer -learning by observing and imitating others

 Vicarious Conditioning - Correct Answer -learning the consequences of an action
from observing its consequences from someone else (Bandura Bobo doll experiment)



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