CLASSICS 2902 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026
Causation ideologies - Answers Seeks to find the single entity causing disease. If you know the cause,
you can find a cure for it
Reduction ideologies - Answers Separates sick ness from the patient. They believe sickness is the
problem and not the patient, which ignores patients
Anthropological approach - Answers Looks at relationship between disease, patient, and healer
2 spheres of health - Answers Personal: How an individual perceives their own health
Communal: How other's perceive your health
Medical pluralism - Answers Many healers to choose from and you can go to however many you want
Mesopotamian medicine - Answers - No separation between natural and supernatural world
- Hierarchy: Gods > spirits > humans
- Idea of obedience and consideration
Cosmology - Answers Mesopotamians believed that all elements in the world have conscious power
and that power can be accessed
Symptoms - Answers seen as encoded messages between patient and community
Marduk - Answers - Wisdom, magic, vegetation
- Attributes are not related to medicine but is the most supreme god
- "Healer of the Gods"
- Head of the divine council
Gula - Answers - Lady of Isin
- Most medical attributes
- Assists in childbirth
Asalluhi - Answers - Often paired with Gula in incantations and also helps with childbirth
- Power through forming allies with other gods
- Son of Enki (magical powers)
Enki - Answers - God of freshwater
- Wisdom, magic, arts
- Sides with humans
Utu/shamash - Answers - god of sun (like apollo) and justice
- protects humans in legal and medical matters
Lamaštu - Answers - Spirit, has free will
- Usually targets babies and pregnant women
Asag/Asakku - Answers - Spirit, has free will
- Attacks musculoskeletal system and skin
- In opposition with Gula
Therapeutic texts - Answers symptom description, instructions for preparing and administering a
remedy, and prognosis
Prognosis - Answers a prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease
Primary source - Answers evidence that was created during the time period
secondary source - Answers comments on primary source
Diagnostic texts - Answers literature is worded as "If...then..."
Ancient Egyptian medicine - Answers - 2 basic principles
Maat: order, justice, balance
Heka: Acess to power
Greek and hippocratic medicine - Answers - elements and 4 seasons
Machaon and Podalirius - Answers Sons of Asclepius, grandsons of Apollo. Healers that appear in
Homer's Iliad.
Pre-socratics - Answers Believed in rational systems, beleived in gods but did not believe they related
to health
- search for a "single, unifying principle"
Monists - Answers Believe there is one single issue
Hippocratic Oath - Answers Ban on surgery
socioeconomic standing on anesthesia - Answers only those who are wealthy can afford
Hippocratic humoral theory - Answers blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile
- balance for health
Hippocratic "triangle of medicine" - Answers Patient, disease, and physician equally important
Causation ideologies - Answers Seeks to find the single entity causing disease. If you know the cause,
you can find a cure for it
Reduction ideologies - Answers Separates sick ness from the patient. They believe sickness is the
problem and not the patient, which ignores patients
Anthropological approach - Answers Looks at relationship between disease, patient, and healer
2 spheres of health - Answers Personal: How an individual perceives their own health
Communal: How other's perceive your health
Medical pluralism - Answers Many healers to choose from and you can go to however many you want
Mesopotamian medicine - Answers - No separation between natural and supernatural world
- Hierarchy: Gods > spirits > humans
- Idea of obedience and consideration
Cosmology - Answers Mesopotamians believed that all elements in the world have conscious power
and that power can be accessed
Symptoms - Answers seen as encoded messages between patient and community
Marduk - Answers - Wisdom, magic, vegetation
- Attributes are not related to medicine but is the most supreme god
- "Healer of the Gods"
- Head of the divine council
Gula - Answers - Lady of Isin
- Most medical attributes
- Assists in childbirth
Asalluhi - Answers - Often paired with Gula in incantations and also helps with childbirth
- Power through forming allies with other gods
- Son of Enki (magical powers)
Enki - Answers - God of freshwater
- Wisdom, magic, arts
- Sides with humans
Utu/shamash - Answers - god of sun (like apollo) and justice
- protects humans in legal and medical matters
Lamaštu - Answers - Spirit, has free will
- Usually targets babies and pregnant women
Asag/Asakku - Answers - Spirit, has free will
- Attacks musculoskeletal system and skin
- In opposition with Gula
Therapeutic texts - Answers symptom description, instructions for preparing and administering a
remedy, and prognosis
Prognosis - Answers a prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease
Primary source - Answers evidence that was created during the time period
secondary source - Answers comments on primary source
Diagnostic texts - Answers literature is worded as "If...then..."
Ancient Egyptian medicine - Answers - 2 basic principles
Maat: order, justice, balance
Heka: Acess to power
Greek and hippocratic medicine - Answers - elements and 4 seasons
Machaon and Podalirius - Answers Sons of Asclepius, grandsons of Apollo. Healers that appear in
Homer's Iliad.
Pre-socratics - Answers Believed in rational systems, beleived in gods but did not believe they related
to health
- search for a "single, unifying principle"
Monists - Answers Believe there is one single issue
Hippocratic Oath - Answers Ban on surgery
socioeconomic standing on anesthesia - Answers only those who are wealthy can afford
Hippocratic humoral theory - Answers blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile
- balance for health
Hippocratic "triangle of medicine" - Answers Patient, disease, and physician equally important
