SFU BPK 140 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

SFU BPK 140 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Top 10 Causes of Mortality - Answers 1. Heart Disease 2. Stroke 3. Respiratory Infections 4. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 5. Lung Cancer 6. Diabetes 7. Alzheimer's disease and other dementias 8. Diarrhea 9. Tuberculosis 10. Road Traffic Injuries First cause of mortality - Answers heart disease Second cause of mortality - Answers stroke third cause of mortality - Answers respiratory infections fourth cause of mortality - Answers Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease fifth cause of mortality - Answers lung cancer sixth cause of mortality - Answers diabetes seventh cause of mortality - Answers Alzheimer's disease and other dementias eighth cause of mortality - Answers Diarrhea ninth cause of mortality - Answers Tuberculosis tenth cause of mortality - Answers Road Traffic Injuries Mechanistic model - Answers focuses on the disorder rather than the person Illness (medical) model - Answers - health is viewed as the absence of disease - you go to a physician when you have signs/symptoms of disease - goal is to prevent morbidity and mortality - focuses on treatment signs - Answers something that you can see symptoms - Answers something you feel morbidity - Answers illness mortality - Answers death Health Promotion Model - Answers - it is focused on prevention instead of treatment and empowers the individual to be responsible for their health - Relates the main causes of mortality in a population to known risk factors - "The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health" - WHO community prevention of illness - Answers health promoters can target high-risk groups and focus on prevention and-or early detection individual prevention of illness - Answers it is then the responsibility of the person to change their health behaviours to reduce risk health care provider prevention of illness - Answers physicians can act as a resource to raise awareness and impart knowledge of risk factors Determinants of health - Answers - Choices: Our lifestyle decisions (ex. Smoking, physical activity, diet) - Chances: our genetic make-up (ex. Ethnicity, sex, age, early childhood experiences) - Circumstances: ex. Our neighbourhood, work environment, our community members, colleagues, and our natural environment - All of these can influence the level of health Seven dimensions of wellness - Answers 1. Social 2. Emotional 3. Spiritual 4. Environmental 5. Occupational 6. Intellectual 7. Physical Canada's health care system - Answers - 1948: Started by Tommy Douglas, Premier of Saskatchewan. - 1957: Insurance plan for physician services added to the program. - 1964: Federal government pays for part of the plan - 1972: all provinces have joined the plan as the Medical Care Act - 1985: Medical Care Act is replaced by the Canada Health Act Major health issues in Canada - Answers - 3/5 deaths due to cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD) - PYLL (Potential Years of Life LOST) is higher in northern Canada - Sharp increase in chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes II - Hypertension (high blood pressure) affects 1 in 5 Canadians - Mental health issues a major concern 5 Principles of Canada Health Act - Answers 1. Public Administration 2. Comprehensiveness 3. Universality 4. Portability 5. Accessibility Public Administration - Answers must be administered on a non-profit basis Comprehensiveness - Answers Health-care plans must cover all insured services provided by hospitals/physicians and dental service in a hospital Universality - Answers residents are entitled to any insured health services provided in their province or territory Portability - Answers if a Canadian resident moves to another province/ territory the old one must cover services until the waiting period is up in the new one Accesibility - Answers Access must be provided when and where available. No discrimination based on age, health or finances Right to information - Answers - You have the right to give your informed consent for hospitalization, surgery and other treatments. - Informed consent required for research studies (covered by the Tri-council policy on research ethics) Holistic Model of Health - Answers Takes an ecological approach, where an individual is best understood in the context of their environment Social determinants of health - Answers - Employment status and occupation • Education and care in early life • Income inequity • Marital status • Housing and food security • Ethnicity • Sense of community engagement • Religion Strategies to Improve Social Determinants of Health - Answers 1. Social inclusion, reducing social injustice 2. Full employment, job security, healthy working conditions 3. Universal health care access 4. High-quality public education 5. Adequate housing and food 6. Reduced income disparities 7. Empowerment Psychological factors that improve likelihood of behaviour change - Answers • Self-efficacy • Internal locus of control • Internal positive reinforcements • Self-talk • Low dichotomous thinking • Support Wellness Model of Health - Answers "Health is the complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmary" -WHO Factors that Shape Behaviour Change - Answers - Predisposing factors - Enabling factors - Reinforcing factors Health care providers - Answers - doctors - nurses - nurse practitioners Medical rights - Answers Patients have the right to: • access their records and to have those records kept private (an issue now that more records are kept electronically). It is illegal to keep patient records on a server located outside of Canada; • receive treatment that provides a reasonable degree of care; • know about potential dangers and benefits of any treatment; • receive competent diagnosis and treatment; • retain control and dignity of person; • designate a person to make your decisions if you cannot. Physicians - Answers 1. Graduate from an accredited medical school 2. Pass an examination 3. Finish an internship 4. Pay a license fee to the provincial College of Physicians and Surgeons Nurses - Answers 1. 2009 - 350,000 Regulated Nurses in Canada 2. Registered Nurses (RN): 76% 3. Licensed practical Nurses (LPN): 22% 4. Registered Psychiatric Nurses (RPN): 2% Administration High turnover rate: (low job satisfaction/burnout) 1.Highest in ICU (26.7%/yr) 2.Replacement costs: $25,000 Extra Billling - Answers - Extra billing is when a health care practitioner requires the patient to pay the physician a fee in addition to the fee the practitioner receives from the provincial health insurance plan. • Extra-billing is seen as a barrier or impediment for people seeking medical care. • The 1984 Canada Health Act empowered the federal government to withdraw funds from provinces that permitted extra billing or that charged any user fees (Dollar for Dollar). • If $90 million worth of extra billings are made in Ontario, the federal government gives Ontario $90 million less. Services not covered in BC - Answers • Services that are deemed to be not medically required, such as cosmetic surgery. • Dental services, except as outlined under benefits. • Routine eye examinations for persons 19 to 64 years of age. • Eyeglasses, hearing aids, and other equipment or appliances. • Prescription drugs. • Chiropractic, massage therapy, naturopathy, physical therapy, and non-surgical podiatry services (except for MSP beneficiaries with premium assistance status). Canada vs. USA - Answers • In Canada the plan is paid for with public funds. • In the USA it is a patchwork of mostly private with some public support for specific groups (i.e 65 and older). Private funding is usually paid by the employer and is a tax free benefit. • Per capita spending is higher in the USA compared to other developed countries with publically funded programs. Problems with health care costs in Canada - Answers • The cost continues to rise. Where do you place priorities?. • There are a lower number of physicians per capita than elsewhere. Would increasing the number of doctors help? • We have an aging population with increased effects of chronic diseases. • There are wait lists for procedures. The length of time depends on urgency to life or quality of life. • Currently the system emphasizes treatment of disease rather than prevention. In some cases preventive measures or diagnostic screening for diseases has been cut from Health Care budgets even though they make up a small portion of the total budget. 3 national health challenges - Answers 1) reducing inequities 2) increasing the prevention effort 3) enhancing people's capacity to cope 3 mechanisms to health promotion - Answers 1. Self-care 2. Mutual aid 3. Healthy environments Hierarchy of Evidence - Answers 1. Experimental: controlled, well-designed experiments based on scientific method 2. Epidemiological: use data to examine associations between populations and disease 3. Clinical: what is evidenced in clinical practice 4. Personal: something YOU have experienced 5. Anecdotal: based on a story you hear Sample size - Answers How big does the sample have to be? Depends on: - The variability of the measured value in the population - the expected magnitude of the treatment effect - the possibility of negative side effects and the expected size of this effect compared to the population. - Is a large sample size better? (i.e. more test subjects) --Usually, yes. --Depends on the question as well as cost/benefit analysis Placebo - Answers a fake drug used in the testing of medication Cross-over experiment - Answers - In one part of the experiment, a group receives the placebo and in the second part, the same group receives the treatment. - This has the advantage of eliminating the effect of individual variation between the control and treatment groups (since they are the same). - The ultimate study design includes all of these components (large sample size, double-blind, cross-over) Ultimate scientific experiment - Answers Double-blinded randomized cross-over Problems with experimentation - Answers 1. Time 2. Ethics There are alternatives: 1. Animal models 2. Tissue culture 3. Computer modelling Epidemiology: Causation - Answers Our ability to ascertain cause and effect depends on several factors: 1. Strength of association 2. Dose-response 3. Consistency 4. Temporally correct 5. Specificity 6. Biological plausibility Assessing credibility - Answers - What is the source? Journal article? Newspaper? Blog? - Who is saying it? A Ph.D.? The CEO of a company? Your friend? - What is the date? Current? - What evidence is provided? Experimental? Anecdotal? None? - Is there a potential bias? Do they stand to gain financially if you believe it? - Does it make sense? Cholera - Answers an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium. John Snow in England was the first to identify the importance of contaminated water as its cause in 1854. Infection - Answers when a microorganism (bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoan) invades the body of a host, which is typically accompanied by damage to cells latent period - Answers - the time between infection and the development of symptoms/signs - The latent period can vary from a few hours to many years, typically is several days Bacteria - Answers - single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus - Are virtually everywhere (most don't cause disease) - Cause harm by releasing enzymes or toxins - Infections can be local or systemic - Antibiotics kill bacteria - Many bacterial species are now resistant to multiple antibiotics Viruses - Answers - Viruses can only reproduce inside host cells, and they damage the cell when they do this - Acellular pathogens that invade living cells (can't survive without a host) - Either kill the cell or alter its function - Antiviral drugs typically reduce the severity or duration of viral infections Fungi - Answers - Yeasts, mold, mushrooms - Absorb nutrients from host, causing damage; release enzymes Protozoa - Answers - Single-celled organisms - Release enzymes or toxins that destroy cells Helminths (parasitic worms) - Answers - Attack tissues or organs and compete with the host for nutrients