NURS 244 (9-12) EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
Accessory structures of the eye - ANS - eyelids
- eye lashes
- palpebral fissure (opening between upper + lower eyelid)
- canthus (outer/inner corner of eye)
external structure of the eye - ANS - tarsal plates (dense structure inside upper + lower
eyelids)
- conjunctiva (mucous membrane that lines inner eyelids and covers front of eye)
- lacrimal apparatus (tear producing system of eye)
extraocular muscles of the eye - ANS - 4 rectus
- 2 oblique
outer layer of eye - ANS - sclera
- cornea
1
,middle layer of eye - ANS - choroid
- iris
- pupil
- lens (ciliary body)
- anterior / posterior chambers (aqueous humor)
inner layer of eye - ANS - retina
- optic disc
- vessels
- macula
- fovea centralis
function of the eyes - ANS - light rays enter the cornea and are bent onto the lens
- ciliary body controls thickness of lens
- iris serves as diaphragm
- pupil controls amount of light entering retina
subjective data for eyes - ANS - difficulty seeing (blurring, blind spots)
- pain
- strabismus or diplopia
- hx of crossed eyes or double vision
- redness or swelling
- excessive tearing
- history of injury or eye surgery
- testing for glaucoma
- glasses or contact lenses
2
,- self care behaviors
- meds
central visual acuity (objective data for eyes) - ANS - snellen eye chart
- near vision
visual fields (objective data for eyes) - ANS confrontation test
extraocular muscle functioning (objective data for eye test) - ANS - corneal light reflex
- cover uncover test
- diagnostics positions test
inspection of external ocular structures - ANS (working from outer to inner)
- general
- eyebrows
- eyelids / eyelashes
- eyeballs
- conjunctiva + sclera (no eversion of eyelid)
- lacrimal apparatus
inspection of anterior eyeball structures - ANS - cornea + lens
- iris + pupil
- pupillary light reflex
- accommodation
- PERRLA
3
, PERRLA - ANS - Pupils Equal
- Round
- Reactive to Light
- Accommodation
inspection of ocular fundus - ANS (ophthalmoscope)
- red reflex
- optic disc
- retinal vessels
- fundus background
- macula
developmental considerations for eyes (infants and children) - ANS - eye function matures
from birth onward
- eye movements may be poorly coordinated in infants
developmental considerations for eyes (older adults) - ANS - decrease in tear formation
- other physiologic changes
macular degeneration - ANS disorder of the retina
cataracts - ANS lens becomes cloudy
glaucoma - ANS increased pressure within the eye
diabetic retinopathy - ANS retinal changes
4
ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
Accessory structures of the eye - ANS - eyelids
- eye lashes
- palpebral fissure (opening between upper + lower eyelid)
- canthus (outer/inner corner of eye)
external structure of the eye - ANS - tarsal plates (dense structure inside upper + lower
eyelids)
- conjunctiva (mucous membrane that lines inner eyelids and covers front of eye)
- lacrimal apparatus (tear producing system of eye)
extraocular muscles of the eye - ANS - 4 rectus
- 2 oblique
outer layer of eye - ANS - sclera
- cornea
1
,middle layer of eye - ANS - choroid
- iris
- pupil
- lens (ciliary body)
- anterior / posterior chambers (aqueous humor)
inner layer of eye - ANS - retina
- optic disc
- vessels
- macula
- fovea centralis
function of the eyes - ANS - light rays enter the cornea and are bent onto the lens
- ciliary body controls thickness of lens
- iris serves as diaphragm
- pupil controls amount of light entering retina
subjective data for eyes - ANS - difficulty seeing (blurring, blind spots)
- pain
- strabismus or diplopia
- hx of crossed eyes or double vision
- redness or swelling
- excessive tearing
- history of injury or eye surgery
- testing for glaucoma
- glasses or contact lenses
2
,- self care behaviors
- meds
central visual acuity (objective data for eyes) - ANS - snellen eye chart
- near vision
visual fields (objective data for eyes) - ANS confrontation test
extraocular muscle functioning (objective data for eye test) - ANS - corneal light reflex
- cover uncover test
- diagnostics positions test
inspection of external ocular structures - ANS (working from outer to inner)
- general
- eyebrows
- eyelids / eyelashes
- eyeballs
- conjunctiva + sclera (no eversion of eyelid)
- lacrimal apparatus
inspection of anterior eyeball structures - ANS - cornea + lens
- iris + pupil
- pupillary light reflex
- accommodation
- PERRLA
3
, PERRLA - ANS - Pupils Equal
- Round
- Reactive to Light
- Accommodation
inspection of ocular fundus - ANS (ophthalmoscope)
- red reflex
- optic disc
- retinal vessels
- fundus background
- macula
developmental considerations for eyes (infants and children) - ANS - eye function matures
from birth onward
- eye movements may be poorly coordinated in infants
developmental considerations for eyes (older adults) - ANS - decrease in tear formation
- other physiologic changes
macular degeneration - ANS disorder of the retina
cataracts - ANS lens becomes cloudy
glaucoma - ANS increased pressure within the eye
diabetic retinopathy - ANS retinal changes
4
