NBME CBSE REAL EXAM 200 VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST 2026
USMLE MEDICAL EXAMINATION
Type II pneumocytes
- ............ANSWER.......…
surfactant (*lecithin*)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
*Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Polio live v killed vaccine
- ............ANSWER.......…
Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx
- ............ANSWER.......…
Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
,
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
Lung maturity determined with
- ............ANSWER..........Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II
pneumocytes)
L >> S
Type I pneumocytes - ............ANSWER..........Squamous gas diffusion
Elastase in lungs - ............ANSWER..........macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
Elastin stretches and recoils due to - ............ANSWER..........Lysine
interchain crosslinks
air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC - ............ANSWER..........Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - ............ANSWER..........Exhale
of Tidal Volume
Lung Compliance is decreased by - ............ANSWER..........LHF,
pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
,
Lung Compliance is increased by - ............ANSWER..........emphysema,
age
Obesity affects ERV and FRC - ............ANSWER..........DECREASE
ERV & FRC
Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic)
- ............ANSWER..........pulmonary = systemic
Anatomic pulmonary shunting
- ............ANSWER.......…
Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillaries
More ventilation is at the - ............ANSWER..........BASE
O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift
- ............ANSWER..........basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - ............ANSWER..........low pH, high
2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
,
CO2 transport to lungs
- ............ANSWER..........*carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
(*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue)
CO poisoning causes - ............ANSWER..........carboxyhemoglobin
no affect on PaO2
Cyanide poisoning causes - ............ANSWER..........lactic acidosis
How to treat cyanide poisoning - ............ANSWER..........*Amyl nitrite*
--> Methemoglobin
THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin)
Normal A-a gradient - ............ANSWER..........5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude
Increased A-a gradient
- ............ANSWER..........*Diffusion impairment* (fibrosis)
*R-L shunt* (aspiration, ARDS)
*V/Q mismatch* (pulmonary edema
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST 2026
USMLE MEDICAL EXAMINATION
Type II pneumocytes
- ............ANSWER.......…
surfactant (*lecithin*)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
*Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Polio live v killed vaccine
- ............ANSWER.......…
Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx
- ............ANSWER.......…
Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
,
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
Lung maturity determined with
- ............ANSWER..........Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II
pneumocytes)
L >> S
Type I pneumocytes - ............ANSWER..........Squamous gas diffusion
Elastase in lungs - ............ANSWER..........macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
Elastin stretches and recoils due to - ............ANSWER..........Lysine
interchain crosslinks
air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC - ............ANSWER..........Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - ............ANSWER..........Exhale
of Tidal Volume
Lung Compliance is decreased by - ............ANSWER..........LHF,
pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
,
Lung Compliance is increased by - ............ANSWER..........emphysema,
age
Obesity affects ERV and FRC - ............ANSWER..........DECREASE
ERV & FRC
Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic)
- ............ANSWER..........pulmonary = systemic
Anatomic pulmonary shunting
- ............ANSWER.......…
Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillaries
More ventilation is at the - ............ANSWER..........BASE
O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift
- ............ANSWER..........basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - ............ANSWER..........low pH, high
2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
,
CO2 transport to lungs
- ............ANSWER..........*carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
(*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue)
CO poisoning causes - ............ANSWER..........carboxyhemoglobin
no affect on PaO2
Cyanide poisoning causes - ............ANSWER..........lactic acidosis
How to treat cyanide poisoning - ............ANSWER..........*Amyl nitrite*
--> Methemoglobin
THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin)
Normal A-a gradient - ............ANSWER..........5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude
Increased A-a gradient
- ............ANSWER..........*Diffusion impairment* (fibrosis)
*R-L shunt* (aspiration, ARDS)
*V/Q mismatch* (pulmonary edema
