Nusa 207 Pharm Test 1 With
Complete Solutions
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER how medications travel through the body
4 phases of pharmacokinetics - ANSWER 1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
Absorption of meds - ANSWER transmission of medications from location of
administration to bloodstream
Routes of administration - ANSWER Most Common: enteral (GI tract) and
parental (injection- muscle, skin, mucous membranes, subq)
barriers to Per Os absorption - ANSWER -medications must pass through layer
of epithelial cells of GI tract
-PO route takes longest to be absorbed
-if gut is full of food
-solubility of medication
-pH of stomach and emptying time
-form that med comes in
-other meds
-taking with certain foods like grapefruit
2 meds that cannot be crushed - ANSWER 1. XR- supposed to take whole day to
absorb, but if crushed will absorb right away
2. enteric coating- protects integrity of pill
barrier to sublingual/buccal absorption - ANSWER -swallowing before med is
dissolved causes gastric pH to inactivate it (otherwise its the quickest
absorption b/c bypasses liver and enters bloodstream)
absorption of subcutaneous meds - ANSWER -areas with high levels of blood
perfusion have rapid absorption
-areas with low levels of blood perfusion have slower absorption
distribution of meds - ANSWER transportation of meds by body fluids to areas of
action in the body
, influenced by: circulation (medical conditions and heart muscle can delay med
distribution), cell membrane permeability (meds must be able to pass through
tissues to reach target), and plasma protein binding
metabolism of meds - ANSWER occurs primarily in the liver
factors influencing rate:
-age: older adults require smaller amounts
-first pass effect: as some meds pass through liver, they become inactivated, so
they require a different route
-nutritional status: malnourished may lack enzymes to metabolize certain meds
-other meds can affect if similar metabolic pathways
-functionality of liver
excretion of meds - ANSWER elimination of medications from body done
primarily through kidneys
other places: liver, lungs, intestines, exocrine glands (breast milk)
transdermal administration - ANSWER application of a drug in patch form, which
is then absorbed into the blood through the skin
apply to clean skin with no hair, rotate sites to prevent skin irritation
administration through the eye - ANSWER -make sure client is sitting upright, tilt
head back
-wait 5 min between drops in each eye
-for eye ointment apply thin ribbon to edge of lower eyelid, from inner to outer
canthus
administration through the nose - ANSWER -blow nose prior to administering
meds
-after administering, instruct client to breath through mouth for 5 min
administration through the ears - ANSWER -client to sit straight or lie on their
side
-for adults, pull auricle up and out, for peds pull auricle down and back
-remain in position for 2-3 min after instilling drops
administration through NG and G tubes (enteral) - ANSWER -verify proper tube
placement
-use syringe to administer meds (gravity or plunger)
-flush tubing 15-30ml of warm sterile water before and after admin meds to
prevent tube from clogging
-use liquid or crush tablets, no SL
Complete Solutions
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER how medications travel through the body
4 phases of pharmacokinetics - ANSWER 1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
Absorption of meds - ANSWER transmission of medications from location of
administration to bloodstream
Routes of administration - ANSWER Most Common: enteral (GI tract) and
parental (injection- muscle, skin, mucous membranes, subq)
barriers to Per Os absorption - ANSWER -medications must pass through layer
of epithelial cells of GI tract
-PO route takes longest to be absorbed
-if gut is full of food
-solubility of medication
-pH of stomach and emptying time
-form that med comes in
-other meds
-taking with certain foods like grapefruit
2 meds that cannot be crushed - ANSWER 1. XR- supposed to take whole day to
absorb, but if crushed will absorb right away
2. enteric coating- protects integrity of pill
barrier to sublingual/buccal absorption - ANSWER -swallowing before med is
dissolved causes gastric pH to inactivate it (otherwise its the quickest
absorption b/c bypasses liver and enters bloodstream)
absorption of subcutaneous meds - ANSWER -areas with high levels of blood
perfusion have rapid absorption
-areas with low levels of blood perfusion have slower absorption
distribution of meds - ANSWER transportation of meds by body fluids to areas of
action in the body
, influenced by: circulation (medical conditions and heart muscle can delay med
distribution), cell membrane permeability (meds must be able to pass through
tissues to reach target), and plasma protein binding
metabolism of meds - ANSWER occurs primarily in the liver
factors influencing rate:
-age: older adults require smaller amounts
-first pass effect: as some meds pass through liver, they become inactivated, so
they require a different route
-nutritional status: malnourished may lack enzymes to metabolize certain meds
-other meds can affect if similar metabolic pathways
-functionality of liver
excretion of meds - ANSWER elimination of medications from body done
primarily through kidneys
other places: liver, lungs, intestines, exocrine glands (breast milk)
transdermal administration - ANSWER application of a drug in patch form, which
is then absorbed into the blood through the skin
apply to clean skin with no hair, rotate sites to prevent skin irritation
administration through the eye - ANSWER -make sure client is sitting upright, tilt
head back
-wait 5 min between drops in each eye
-for eye ointment apply thin ribbon to edge of lower eyelid, from inner to outer
canthus
administration through the nose - ANSWER -blow nose prior to administering
meds
-after administering, instruct client to breath through mouth for 5 min
administration through the ears - ANSWER -client to sit straight or lie on their
side
-for adults, pull auricle up and out, for peds pull auricle down and back
-remain in position for 2-3 min after instilling drops
administration through NG and G tubes (enteral) - ANSWER -verify proper tube
placement
-use syringe to administer meds (gravity or plunger)
-flush tubing 15-30ml of warm sterile water before and after admin meds to
prevent tube from clogging
-use liquid or crush tablets, no SL
