NRS 530 Exam 1 Study Guide- Modules 1&2
Chapter 1: Cellular Function
General Definitions and Concepts
Introduction to Pathophysiology:
• Pathophysiology: The study of the disorder or breakdown of the human
body’s function.
• Disease: Occurs when there is a disruption in homeostasis or deviation
from normal.
Homeostasis:
• Dynamic Process: The body’s internal processes are maintained through a
dynamic give and take system.
• Equilibrium: Necessary for all cells and self-regulating.
• Compensatory Mechanisms:
o Negative Feedback: Most common (e.g., glucose regulation). o
Positive Feedback: (e.g., contractions of labor).
Factors Determining Baseline Normal for Patients:
• Age, Gender, Genetic and Ethnic Background, Geographic Area, Time of
Day, Environment: Findings are relevant to the individual’s “normal.”
Pathophysiology
Etiology: Cause or reason for an event.
• Agents, Age, Gender, Health, Nutritional Status, Genetics Idiopathic:
Unknown cause.
• Iatrogenic: Unintended effect of a medical treatment.
Pathogenesis: Development and evolution of a disease. Clinical Manifestations:
, • Signs and symptoms (S/S) of the disease, stages, acute vs. chronic.
Epidemiology: Patterns of diseases in a group of people.
Cellular Function
Cellular Attributes:
• Exchange materials with the environment.
• Obtain energy from organic nutrients.
• Manufacture complex molecules. Replicate themselves (mitosis).
Parts of the Cell:
1. Nucleus: o Control center contains genetic code.
2. Cytoplasm:
o Contains water, electrolytes, suspended protein, neutral fats, and
glycogen.
o Contains organelles.
3. Cell Membrane:
o Semipermeable phospholipid bilayer with protein receptors.
Organelles:
• Ribosomes: Site for protein synthesis.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Ribosomes attached; produces substances
like fats and enzymes.
• Golgi Apparatus: Packages substances to be excreted from the cell.
• Lysosomes: Break down cell products and foreign bodies.
• Peroxisomes: Break down toxins.
• Mitochondria: Power plants; ATP production.
• Cytoskeleton: Microtubules, cilia, and flagella aid in movement.
Cellular Transportation:
• Passive Transport:
Chapter 1: Cellular Function
General Definitions and Concepts
Introduction to Pathophysiology:
• Pathophysiology: The study of the disorder or breakdown of the human
body’s function.
• Disease: Occurs when there is a disruption in homeostasis or deviation
from normal.
Homeostasis:
• Dynamic Process: The body’s internal processes are maintained through a
dynamic give and take system.
• Equilibrium: Necessary for all cells and self-regulating.
• Compensatory Mechanisms:
o Negative Feedback: Most common (e.g., glucose regulation). o
Positive Feedback: (e.g., contractions of labor).
Factors Determining Baseline Normal for Patients:
• Age, Gender, Genetic and Ethnic Background, Geographic Area, Time of
Day, Environment: Findings are relevant to the individual’s “normal.”
Pathophysiology
Etiology: Cause or reason for an event.
• Agents, Age, Gender, Health, Nutritional Status, Genetics Idiopathic:
Unknown cause.
• Iatrogenic: Unintended effect of a medical treatment.
Pathogenesis: Development and evolution of a disease. Clinical Manifestations:
, • Signs and symptoms (S/S) of the disease, stages, acute vs. chronic.
Epidemiology: Patterns of diseases in a group of people.
Cellular Function
Cellular Attributes:
• Exchange materials with the environment.
• Obtain energy from organic nutrients.
• Manufacture complex molecules. Replicate themselves (mitosis).
Parts of the Cell:
1. Nucleus: o Control center contains genetic code.
2. Cytoplasm:
o Contains water, electrolytes, suspended protein, neutral fats, and
glycogen.
o Contains organelles.
3. Cell Membrane:
o Semipermeable phospholipid bilayer with protein receptors.
Organelles:
• Ribosomes: Site for protein synthesis.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Ribosomes attached; produces substances
like fats and enzymes.
• Golgi Apparatus: Packages substances to be excreted from the cell.
• Lysosomes: Break down cell products and foreign bodies.
• Peroxisomes: Break down toxins.
• Mitochondria: Power plants; ATP production.
• Cytoskeleton: Microtubules, cilia, and flagella aid in movement.
Cellular Transportation:
• Passive Transport:
