Florida Water Operator License Class C Exam 599 Revised Study Questions and Correct Verified Answers 2026

Florida Water Florida Water Florida Water Operator License Class C Exam 599 Revised Study Questions and Correct Verified Answers 2026 What is an ampere? - correct ans-a unit of measurement for current Which of the following is a type of pump that is commonly used in a water treatment plant? - correct ans-centrifugal What is a multi-staged pump? - correct ans-has more than one impeller If the pump impeller is running backwards, what action must be taken to correct the rotation? - correct ans-switch any two electrical leads When should the packing of a pump be adjusted? - correct ans-when the pump is running When a pump fails to deliver at its rated capacity, what is most likely the cause? - correct ans-air leak What is a common cause for vibrations in a motor? - correct ans-misalignment of the couplings What is the purpose of the wear rings in a pump? - correct ans-plug internal leakage What should the seal water pressure be for a pump? - correct ans-5 psi higher than the pumps discharge pressure What is the purpose of the seal water? - correct ans-block out air intake and lubricate the packing What is the recommended maximum suction lift? - correct ans-15 ft. In a water treatment plant, what type of pump is commonly used to deliver chemical solutions? - correct ans-positive displacement When should you lubricate your equipment? - correct ans-follow the manufacturer's recommendations In what manner is packing installed? - correct ans-a strip at a time and staggered Florida Water Florida Water A positive displacement pump should never be operated________? - correct ans against a closed discharge valve If two of more pumps of the same size and purpose are online, what method of operation is recommended for them? - correct ans-alternate to equalize wear If half of the mechanical seal fails, what corrective action should be taken? - correct ans-change both halves of the seal What is the purpose of a lantern ring? - correct ans-water seal The packing of a pump should be adjusted to _________? - correct ans-allow a slight operating leakage and allow approximately a drip per second. On a multiple drive motor, when a belt fails, what corrective action should be taken? - correct ans-replace all the belts on the drive To keep a centrifugal pump primed, install a _______ valve at the end of the suction line. - correct ans-foot valve If a motor fails to start, what should be checked first? - correct ans-power supply Opening or closing a valve rapidly will cause? - correct ans-water hammer The formation and collapse of a gas pocket or bubble on the blade of an impeller is called? - correct ans-cavitaion Changing the packing on a pump is called ________ maintenance - correct ans corrective What is an example of a daily maintenance task for a compressor? - correct ans-drain the air receiver What type of valve is usually used to control the rate of flow? - correct ans-globe valve What type of valve is buried? - correct ans-non-rising stem What is the most common valve type used in a water treatment plant? - correct ans gate valve What will happen if the gate valve is left half open to control flow? - correct ans-undue seat wear In what manner should carbon be stored? - correct ans-on concrete floor in single rows What is brinelling? - correct ans-a type of bearing wear Florida Water Florida Water What is the recommended manner for storing potassium permanganate? - correct ans on a concrete floor away from heat or heated pipes What causes more damage to a pump's impeller? - correct ans-air What is the unit of electrical resistance? - correct ans-Ohm What is an ammeter - correct ans-measures amps and current What type of electrical service is usually found in water plants? - correct ans-three phase Generally, all motors over over two hp require what type of electrical service? - correct ans-3 phase Before starting work on any electrical equipment, you must first ____? - correct ans-lock out tag out What unit is used to measure the rate of power consumption? - correct ans-kilowatts What is the function of a shear pin? - correct ans-to prevent damage to equipment when there is an overload The measurement of how close an instrument determines the true of actual reading of an instrument is called? - correct ans-accuracy The readout of an instrument by the use of a pointer against a scale is an _____ reading? - correct ans-analog The device that controls the operation of equipment is called? - correct ans-controller The readout of an instrument by a direct numerical reading of the measured value id called a ________ reading? - correct ans-digital What is an instrument's ability to measure a process value and repeatedly obtain the result called? - correct ans-precision What is the difference between the actual value and desired value? - correct ans-drift What is software? - correct ans-computer programs A device that measures the accumulative amount of a process over a 24 hour period is called? - correct ans-totalizer What is the williams-steiger federal law known as today? - correct ans-osha Florida Water Florida Water Who is responsible for your safety in the workplace? - correct ans-yourself Your should never add _____ to acid because it will cause a violent reaction. - correct ans-water What two chemicals widely used in water treatment will cause an explosion when mixed? - correct ans-lime and alum (base and acid) What is usually the first indication of a carbon fire? - correct ans-heat What type of fire extinguisher is used for a carbon fire - correct ans-carbon dioxide What percentage of oxygen is there in air? - correct ans-20.9% Broken laboratory glassware should be ____ to avoid injuries. - correct ans-flame polished Recommended fluoride control limits are based on which of the following? - correct ans annual average maximum daily temperatures How many pounds of cl2 can you withdraw from a 150 lb cylinder in a day? - correct ans-40 How many pounds of cl2 can you withdraw from a one ton cylinder in a day? - correct ans-400 Chlorine is ____ times heavier than air? - correct ans-2.5 One liter of liquid chlorine will expand to ______ liters of chlorine gas. - correct ans-450 The chlorine dosage minus the chlorine residual id the formula for the _____. - correct ans-demand Naoc1 is the chemical formula for ______? - correct ans-sodium hypochlorite Hoc1 is the chemical formula for _____? - correct ans-hypochlorous acid Oc1 is the chemical formula for ______? - correct ans-hypochlorite H2s is the chemical formula for_____? - correct ans-hydrogen sulfide How many parts per million of chlorine will it take to oxidize 1 ppm hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfer? - correct ans-2.08 Florida Water Florida Water How many parts of chlorine will it take to oxidize 1 ppm of h2s to sulfate? - correct ans 8.32 (ca(oh)2) id the chemical formula for ? - correct ans-calcium hydroxide The by-product of slaked lime is? - correct ans-heat Preventative maintenance for a gate valve includes? - correct ans-opening and closing Corrective maintenance for a gate valve includes? - correct ans-packing replacement and handle replacement Lauryl triptose is used in to ____ stage of the mpn test. - correct ans-presumptive Brilliant green bile broth is used in the ___ stage of the mpn test. - correct ans-colilert What does it mean if every tube in the mpn test confirmed state has gas? - correct ans the test is invalid What test can measure total and fecal coliform at the same time? - correct ans-colilert An organism found in the intestines of human beings and animals, and in plants, land, and air is called? - correct ans-coliform An organism found only in the intestines of warm blooded animals is called? - correct ans-fecal coliform The best test to measure the effectiveness of a wtp's process is? - correct ans-turbidity The number of monthly samples for coliform analysis is based on? - correct ans population served When 40 or more coliform samples are taken, you can have_____ positive - correct ans-2, or 5% At the extremes of the distribution system you must have at least a ____ free cl2 residual. - correct ans-0.2 E-coli broth is used when testing for____. - correct ans-fecal coliform Chlorine should never be fed ahead of ___? - correct ans-polyphosphates The distribution system has complaints of pink water. The wtp has a greensand filter. What is most likely the cause? - correct ans-overdose of potassium permanganate Florida Water Florida Water The addition of chlorine to water until the demand is satisfied and every drop of water after that is free residual is called? - correct ans-break point chlorination Adding alum to water _____ the ph level. - correct ans-lowers A common membrane used in reverse osmosis water treatment is____. - correct ans cellulose acetate All surface water and ground water under the influence of surface water must be _______. - correct ans-disinfected and filtered. To obtain a "c" water license, an operator must have ________ hours of on the job training. - correct ans-2,080 What is the action level for lead? - correct ans-0.015 mg/l What is the maximum chlorine residual level allowed in the distribution system? - correct ans-4.0 mg/l For water systems using chlorine dioxide, what is the mcl for chlorite? - correct ans-1.0 mg/l What is the mcl for color? - correct ans-15 The mcl for turbidity is not more than ____ ntu as a monthly average - correct ans-0.5 The wtp uses 360 gallons of 10% naocl a day. How many pounds of cl2 do they use? - correct ans-300 Are you going to pass this test? - correct ans-yes you are! The wtp totalizer read 0129 at the beginning of the first shift for the month and 0000 at the end of the last shift for the month. How many gallons of water were treated daily? - correct ans-0.329 mgd What is the marble test used for? - correct ans-determine if water is scale forming or corrosive Using the membrane filtration method, what is the incubation temperature for the total coliform test? - correct ans-35.0 degrees c. Plus or minus 0.5 degrees c For the membrane filtration method, what is the incubation period for total coliform? - correct ans-24 hrs + or - 2 hrs With the membrane filtration method, what is the incubation time for the fecal coliform test? - correct ans-24 hrs + or - 2 hrs Florida Water Florida Water What is the molecular weight of na2co3? (n=23, c=12, o=16) - correct ans-106 Who had a better career? Kobe or tim duncan - correct ans-tim duncan What is texas independence day? - correct ans-march 2nd, 1836 What are the criteria used to classify water treatment plants? - correct ans-size and process used When naocl is added to water, what reaction takes place? - correct ans-ph increases What happens when hocl is added to water? - correct ans-ph decreases What is a common level control device used in water treatment plants? - correct ans ball floats A water system that has at least 15 service connections used by all year residents or regularly serves at least 25 year round residents is called? - correct ans-community system A system that has at least 15 service connections, or regularly serves an average of at least 25 individuals daily at least 06 days out of the year is a ______ system? - correct ans-public The chief operator for a class "b" wtp needs what level of license? - correct ans-b A "b" class wtp must have a "c" operator or higher on duty for ______. - correct ans-16 hrs a day / 7 days a week What is the most effective ph range for iron removal? - correct ans-8 to 9 A successful method for removing h2s from water with a ph of 9.4 is to ? - correct ans increase aeration Adding sodium aluminate to water will? - correct ans-increase ph What is the lowest hardness achievable by the lime or lime-soda ash process? - correct ans-30-40 When you are gathering the monthly coliform samples, what other test/sample must be taken? - correct ans-chlorine residual A natural underground layer of porous, water-bearing materials usually capable of yielding a large supply of water is called? - correct ans-an aquifer Florida Water Florida Water What is the most likely cause of black water in the distribution system? - correct ans manganese and h2s Specific conductance is an indirect measurement of ________? - correct ans-tds What is the purpose of installing tube settlers? - correct ans-aid sedimentation How long does the coagulation process take? - correct ans-a few seconds During an inspection of the plant, you discover that a filter is air-bound. What action should you take? - correct ans-backwash the filter immediately. What will affect the efficiency of tube settlers? - correct ans-high wind How many zones are the in a sedimentation basin? - correct ans-4 Aluminum sulfate is used as a coagulant because it has? - correct ans-trivalent ions The zeta potential and size of particles in water affect the? - correct ans-settling In the coagulation and flocculation process, the difference in the electrical charge between the dense layer of ions surrounding the particle and the charge of the bulk of the suspended fluid surrounding the particle is called? - correct ans-zeta potential The particles in water generally have a _____ charge. - correct ans-negative When water passes through an ion exchange resin bed, what is usually unaffected by the process? - correct ans-ph When water is softened using the ion exchange process, what substance will appear in the finished water? - correct ans-sodium In the split treatment process, what portion of the flow bypasses the treatment unit? - correct ans-20% Which of the following is a requirement for obtaining the "c" water license? - correct ans high school deploma Water pressure in the distribution system must never go below ____ psi - correct ans-20 You should avoid using polyphosphate that is over ______ hours old. - correct ans-48 What is the third stage in the ion exchange process? - correct ans-brine A greensand filter is commonly used to remove? - correct ans-iron Florida Water Florida Water What chemical is used to regenerate greensand? - correct ans-potassium permanganate What is the largest cause of water borne illness in the united states? - correct ans-cross contamination Water rights to a water supply, which are acquired for the beneficial use of water by following a specific legal procedure, are called? - correct ans-appropriative A connection between potable water and an unapproved connection is called? - correct ans-cross contamintaion The theoretical time it takes for a small amount of water to pass through a tank at a given flow rate is called? - correct ans-detention time Water rights, which are acquired by diverting water an putting it to use in accordance with specified procedures, are called? - correct ans-prescriptive The drop in the water table or groundwater level when the water is being pumped from a well is called? - correct ans-drawdown What is the process of evaporation of water into air and its return to earth by precipitation called? - correct ans-hydraulic cycle The upper surface of the zone of saturation of ground water in an unconfined aquifer is called? - correct ans-water table Water rights that are acquired together with title to the land boarding a source of surface water are called? - correct ans-riparian A water source that is under pressure greater than the atmosphere and will rise above the level of its upper confirming surface when given the opportunity is called? - correct ans-an artesian well The actual time in hours, minutes, seconds that a small amount of water is in a treatment basin or tank is called? - correct ans-detention time When is the drawdown of a well taken? - correct ans-when the pump is running What is the following formula used to determine? (tank vol. * 24hrs/day)/flow, gal/day - correct ans-detention time The process by which water becomes gas is called? - correct ans-evaporation Water that contains contamination, objectionable pollutants, minerals, or infective agents, and is considered unsafe for drinking is called? - correct ans-nonpotable Florida Water Florida Water When was the sdwa last ammended - correct ans-1996 The annual quantity of water that can be taken from a water source over a period of years without depleting the water source permanently is called? - correct ans-safe yield The process of water vapor passing into the atmosphere from living plants id called? - correct ans-transpiration Water that is at a desirable temperature, free from objectionable tastes and odors, looks good, and is pleasing to the senses is called? - correct ans-palatable Water that does not contain objectionable contamination, pollution. Or infective agents is called? - correct ans-potable The formation of separate layers of water in a lake or reservoir is called? - correct ans stratification A detailed evaluation or inspection of a source of water? - correct ans-sanitary survey When does destratification in reservoirs or lakes typically take place? - correct ans spring and fall (temperature change) From what level is water usually drawn for treatment after it has been stratified? - correct ans-middle What is the turnover of a lake due to the equalization of temperatures throughout the layers called? - correct ans-destratification The portion of a body of water that extends from shoreline to the limit of growth of rooted plants called? - correct ans-littoral What are reservoirs or lakes that are rich in nutrients called? - correct ans-eutrophic What method of treatment will remove a fishy odor from the water? - correct ans chlorination The development of vertical mixing within the lake or reservoir to eliminate separate layers of temperature, plant, or animal life is called? - correct ans-destratification The minimum odor of a water sample that can just be detected after successive dilutions with odorless water is the ___________. - correct ans-ton (threshold odor number) The addition of chlorine to water that has a medical odor to it will_________. - correct ans-intensify the odor. Florida Water Florida Water Reservoirs and lakes that are nutrient poor, containing little or no plant or aquatic life are called? - correct ans-oligotrophic What happens to the water during daylight hours when there is an algal bloom? - correct ans-ph increases When algae die off, bacteria that feed upon the algae use oxygen and can cause_______ that may result in fish kill. - correct ans-oxygen depletion A process in which organisms with the aid of chlorophyll, convert carbon dioxide and inorganic substances into oxygen and additional plant material, using sunlight for energy is known as? - correct ans-photosynthesis What is the difference between organic and inorganic matter? - correct ans-carbon What chemical is used to control algal blooms? - correct ans-bluestone What may interfere with the efficiency of copper sulfate? - correct ans-alkalinity What type of device is used when drawing water from a surface water source? - correct ans-a single or multi-level intake structure Good floc is observed forming in the flocculation basin. The size increases the later breaks up. What is likely the cause? - correct ans-floc mixer rpm too high During a plant tour, a lot of floc is observed flowing over the laundering weirs. What is the probable cause? - correct ans-floc too light for detention time In a jar test, the floc starts to settle before the mixers are topped. What does this indicate? - correct ans-overdose If you're happy and you know it, clap your? - correct ans-hands What type of floc should form during coagulation? - correct ans-discrete and fairly dense You observe small and well dispersed floc entering the flocculation basin. What does this indicate? - correct ans-effective coagulation In a jar test, what does it mean after the mixers are stopped and 80% of the floc has settled within 15 minutes? - correct ans-good settling and test results Water in the treatment unit has a milky of blueish tint. What is the probable cause? - correct ans-overdose of alum Florida Water Florida Water The best coagulant dosage is one that produces finished water that meets drinking water standards and ______. - correct ans-produces the least amount of sludge / fastest settling What is a problem associated with disposal of alum sludge? - correct ans-hardens soil When troubleshooting plant processes, you should ? - correct ans-make only one change at a time What method is used to determine the correct coagulant dosage? - correct ans-jar test What is tapered energy mixing? - correct ans-reducing speed of floc mixers Where is a filter aid coagulant applied? - correct ans-filter influent What type of polymer id usually used as a filter aid? - correct ans-nonionic What are the 4 zones in a sedimentation basin? - correct ans-inlet, outlet, settling, sludge The information gathered from a jar test is only relevant if the results are _______ and ________. - correct ans-applied and verified During the winter months, you notice the floc forms and settles slower. What is most likely the cause? - correct ans-lower temperatures "party on, wayne." "party on, _______"? - correct ans-garth In enhanced coagulating process, where is the acid added? - correct ans-prior to coagulation What is the most effective ph range for alum? - correct ans-5-7 Coagulation is ________ and chemical reaction between the ______ of the water and the coagulant. - correct ans-physical, alkalinity What is an advantage of returning sludge slurry in a contact unit? - correct ans-lowers chemical costs In the v/v test, a _____ ml sample is taken from the _____ zone and allowed to settle for ____? - correct ans-100, reaction, 5 minutes In the direct filtration process, what step is omitted? - correct ans-sedimentation Florida Water Florida Water The release of dissolved oxygen in saturated cold water sue to decrease in pressure may cause what problem in the filter? - correct ans-air binding Operation a filter continuously with high head loss will cause? - correct ans-air binding What causes mudball formation in the filter? - correct ans-improper backwashing How much wood could a wood chuck chuck if a wood chuck could chuck wood? - correct ans-21 What is the fourth step in the backwash procedure? - correct ans-start surface scour What parameters are used to determine filter backwash time? - correct ans-head loss, turbidity, time What is the filtration rate for a slow sand filter? - correct ans-0.015 to 015 gpm/sq ft What causes media boils? - correct ans-high backwash rates What are the most important particle removal mechanisms in filtration? - correct ans sedimentation and adsorption If a filter has a design head loss of 8 feet, and the initial head loss is 1.5 ft, at what head loss should you backwash the filter? - correct ans-6 feet If a 16 sq. Ft. Filter has a flow of 6 mgd, what is the filtration rate? - correct ans-26 gpm / sq foot Why is a space left in the twirl bag when sampling coliform? - correct ans-to allow for mixing What is the reason for adding sodium thiosulfate to the twirl bag? - correct ans-remove chlorine What is the mcl for coliform? - correct ans-presence or absence How soon after sampling must the coliform test be taken? - correct ans-6 hours When using _______ as a coagulant, up to 99% virus removal can be achieved. - correct ans-alum What does chlorine look like? - correct ans-greenish yellow How many lbs of chlorine can you withdraw form a cylinder in a 24 hour period? - correct ans-it depends of ambient temperature Florida Water Florida Water How many fusible plugs does a 100 lb cylinder have? - correct ans-1 How many fusible plugs does a 1 ton cylinder have? - correct ans-6 What type of wrench is recommended for opening a chlorine valve? - correct ans-6" box What should be done before moving a chlorine cylinder? - correct ans-replace the valve cap cover What is the most common cause of chlorine leaks? - correct ans-failure to change lead washer What is the maximum recommended temperature for storing a chlorine cylinder? - correct ans-100 f A leak is detected in the bottom valve of a chlorine cylinder. What action should be taken? - correct ans-rotate the cylinder What chemical is used to detect a chlorine leak? - correct ans-ammonia What is the melting point for fusible plugs? - correct ans-158 to 165 f When a person inhales chlorine, what is the recommended immediate treatment? - correct ans-milk What kit is used to repair a leak in a 1 ton cylinder? - correct ans-b If ammoniation is used , what is the minimum required combined residual in the distribution system? - correct ans-0.6 mg/l What is considered the most accurate method for measuring chlorine residuals? - correct ans-amperometric titration A customer complains of a swimming pool taste and odor in the drinking water. What is the most likely cause? - correct ans-low chlorine residual What is the maximum chlorine to ammonia-nitrogen ratio by weight? - correct ans-5 - 1 What is the mcl for thm? - correct ans-80 ppb or 0.08 mg/l What affect to nitrates have on the chlorine demand? - correct ans-none Which two primary mcl standards pose an idlh if in the drinking water? - correct ans nitrite and bacteria Florida Water Florida Water A ph from 7.5 to 8.5, water temperature of 25 to 30 c, and a free ammonia concentration may cause what condition in water? - correct ans-nitrification What affect do nitrites have on chlorine demand? - correct ans-increases demand An increase in heterotrophic plate count bacteria has been observed. What is a likely cause? - correct ans-nitrification What does the "c" mean in "ct" value? - correct ans-concentration What does the "t" mean in "ct" value? - correct ans-time To what capacity are chlorine cylinders filled? - correct ans-85% What percent of chlorine by volume in air will be fatal after a few breaths? - correct ans 0.10% What is the idlh level for chlorine? - correct ans-10 ppm What does pel mean? - correct ans-permissible exposure limit What is the pel for chlorine? - correct ans-0.5 ppm for 8 hours weighted average Which of the following is a method for removing iron from water? - correct ans-oxidation by chlorine What type of respirator is used for protection against chlorine gas? - correct ans-scba When changing chlorine cylinders, how many people should be present? - correct ans-3 What measurement is obtained from the application point to the point where the free chlorine residual is measured? - correct ans-time If the free chlorine residual is a 2.5 ppm and the dosage is 6 ppm, what is the demand? - correct ans-3.5 If the demand is 5 ppm and the residual is 2.0 ppm, what is the dosage? - correct ans-7 A wtp produces 6.0 mgd with a chlorine dosage of 5mg/l. How many pounds are used a 30 days? - correct ans-7506 A wtp uses 460 pounds of chlorine per day to treat 7.5mgd. What is the dosage rate in ppm? - correct ans-7.4 Florida Water Florida Water A green haired superhero, whos mission was to save the planet from pollution. He could be summoned by his teenage friends with magical rings. - correct ans-who is captain planet? What is measured when you titrate a liquid with .02 n sulfuric acid to a ph of 4.5? - correct ans-total alkalinity What is the ring shaped space located between two circular objects called? - correct ans-annular space What is used to measure the smoothness of the interior of a pipe? - correct ans-c factor The _____ the c factor, the _______ the interior of the pipe. - correct ans-higher, smoother An electrical system installed as protection against corrosion is called? - correct ans cathodic protection A substance composed of two or more elements whose composition is constant is called? - correct ans-a compound Corrosion caused by connection two dissimilar metals is called? - correct ans-galvanic The decomposition of material by chemical or electrochemical reaction is called? - correct ans-corrosion A steel specimen inserted into water to measure the water's corrosiveness is called? - correct ans-coupon What chemical is used to detect a sulfur dioxide leak? - correct ans-ammonia If the water has a sweet, aromatic odor, what may be used to eliminate the odor? - correct ans-gac The exposure to certain odors over a period of time can cause? - correct ans-olfactory fatigue Secondary drinking water regulations deal with _____. - correct ans-aesthetics Primary drinking water regulations deal with which of the following? - correct ans-health concerns What will add longevity to a wtp equipment? - correct ans-preventative maintenance Florida Water Florida Water The identification of each source of energy and rating them by load size and prioritizing them to indicate their importance in the overall operational program is called? - correct ans-power management The decomposition of a material by an outside current is called? - correct ans electrolysis The common boundary between two substances is called? - correct ans-interface What is used to express the basic or acidic condition of water? - correct ans-ph What is a sample portion of water that is nearly identical in content and consistency as possible to that in the larger body of water called? - correct ans-representative The development of small mounds of corrosion products inside iron pipe is called? - correct ans-tuberculation What is the electrical pressure available to cause a flow of current when the electric circuit is closed known as? - correct ans-electromotive force Water with high tds, low ph, high temperature, and low softness is? - correct ans corrosive What is the single most corrosive component of water? - correct ans-oxygen What caused red water? - correct ans-iron bacteria What are crenothrix? - correct ans-iron bacteria What substances in water can cause cancer? - correct ans-carcinogens What are disease causing substances called? - correct ans-pathogens What type of corrosion is found in copper pipes? - correct ans-erosion corrosion During a marble test, adding the calcium hydroxide caused the ph , alkalinity, and hardness to increase. What does this indicate? - correct ans-water was undersaturated In membrane softening, what chemical is usually added to raise the ph? - correct ans caustic soda When water is stored in open reservoirs, adding zinc phosphate may cause what condition? - correct ans-algal bloom First draw samples taken from the customers' kitchens are analyzed for what substances? - correct ans-lead and copper Florida Water Florida Water A water system is required to initiate a public information program and/or initiate adding phosphate to the water and/or make alkalinity or ph adjustments when it? - correct ans exceeds lead action level A sample taken from a customer's tap that has not been used for a minimum of 6 hours or a maximum of 12 hours is called? - correct ans-first draw What is the action level fro copper? - correct ans-1.3 mg/l After adding calcium carbonate to a water sample during the marble test, the ph, alkalinity, and hardness go down. What does this indicate? - correct ans-water was supersaturated What happens in hot water heaters when the water is saturated with calcium carnonate? - correct ans-calcium carbonate precipitates from the water Water with a negative langlier index will cause? - correct ans-corrosion What type off corrosion is caused by a source that originates outside the plumbing or water system? - correct ans-stray current How often is a water system serving more than 10,000 people required to sample for thm? - correct ans-quarterly What is the minimum number of samples to be taken during the thm sample period? - correct ans-1 What is the minimum amount of sample that is required to test for thm? - correct ans-25 ml When drawing a sample for thm, you notice a bubble in the sample jar. What should you do? - correct ans-keep adding water until the bubble leaves the jar How long can a thm sample be held before analysis? - correct ans-14 days How are thms reported on the mor? - correct ans-running average The thm sample jar contains sodium thiosulfate. What will you test for ? - correct ans total thm What is a common ion exchange media? - correct ans-zeolite A type of backflow caused by negative pressure is called? - correct ans-backsiphonage How long can iron samples be held before being analyzed? - correct ans-48 hrs Florida Water Florida Water What is the most accurate method to test for iron and manganese? - correct ans-atomic absorption What chemical when added to water will delay the precipitation of iron and manganese? - correct ans-polyphosphate The addition of fluoride to water helps prevent which of the following? - correct ans cavities What is the most common disposal method for water treatment sludge? - correct ans landfill In iron exchange softening, what happens during the softening process when the source water contains iron and manganese? - correct ans-iron and manganese will be removed by the ion exchange unit What will break down ion exchange resin? - correct ans-chlorine What are the treatment stages in ion exchange softening? - correct ans-service, backwash, brine, rinse What water treatment method id used to obtain zero hardness? - correct ans-ion exchange In the ion exchange process, what minerals are exchanged with the sodium ions? - correct ans-calcium and magnesium When an ion exchange resin bed is saturated with calcium and magnesium, what mineral is used to regenerate the bed? - correct ans-brine In what stage of the ion exchange process does the softening take place? - correct ans service What is the minimum cl2 residual and detention time for the clear well (cl2 contact chamber)? - correct ans-0.5 ppm and 15 min at peak hourly flow A ro plant treats 900,000 gallons of water a day. The monthly finished water production is 23 million gallons. What is the recovery rate? - correct ans-85% To test for potential thm, what must be added to the sample bottle? - correct ans nothing When is the best time to schedule thm sampling and testing? - correct ans-first week in each quarter Florida Water Florida Water Thms can be removed after formation by what process? - correct ans-aeration A man is bass fishing from shore and there is a constant 20 mph wind at his 11 o'clock. He is using 8 lb mono, a bait casting reel, and a top water frog. What happens? A) he catches a pb B) every cast he gets a birds nest C) he gives up and goes home D) b & c - correct ans-d What is a common option for controlling the formation of thms? - correct ans-switch disinfectants As the source water temperature and ph increase, thm formation? - correct ans increases What type of fire extinguisher is used to fight an electrical fire? - correct ans-type c Who can enter a confined space that has tested positive for an explosive atmosphere to rescue a fallen worker? - correct ans-no one What is the significance of this reaction: h2s + cl2 + o2 s v h2o + 2cl? - correct ans oxidation of sulfide to sulfur What chemical do you use to detect a sulfur dioxide leak? - correct ans-ammonia What valve is used to stop and start flows? - correct ans-gate What is the flow-measuring device commonly used in water plant that is known for its accuracy? - correct ans-venturi meter A totalizer is accurate if it provides a flow rate measurement within ____ of actual flow. - correct ans-2% When should a megger be used? - correct ans-when equipment is de-energized or off The storage tank is 10 feet wide and 20 feet deep. The operator ran a pump for 15 minutes to lower the water level 5 feet. How many gallons were removed? - correct ans 2936 The utilities dept. Budgeted $9,000 for annual chemical purchases. They used 200 pounds of chlorine a day for the first 60 days of the budget year. The chlorine cost $0.19 per pound. How much money did they spend on chlorine? - correct ans-$2,280 What color is the sun? - correct ans-yellow Florida Water Florida Water When analyzing a 100 ml sample of water for alkalinity, it took 5ml of .02 n sulfuric acid to reach a ph of 8.3 and 5 more ml of titrant to reach a ph of 4.5. What is the p alkalinity? - correct ans-50 What color is the ocean? - correct ans-blue Which of the following is considered a catalyst for the onset of corrosion? - correct ans dissolved oxygen What is the primary advantage of vacuum-controlled chlorinators? - correct ans operational safety Why is nitric acid added to samples collected for iron and manganese analysis? - correct ans-lowers ph and keeps metals in solution What is the longest running production sports car? - correct ans-corvette (1954) A filter has a sudden increase in head loss. Media surface sealing is suspected. What action should be taken? - correct ans-evaluate plant process, jar test if needed When chlorine is added to water, it is a more efficient disinfectant when the ph is lower and a greater percentage of ______ is present. - correct ans-hocl The term flash mix is associated with which of the following processes? - correct ans coagulation Disinfection is best accomplished when what conditions exist? - correct ans-high concentration and long contact time You are working with a solution with a 15% chemical strength. How many pounds of chemical are in this solution? - correct ans-1.25 The plant flow is 7.5 mgd. The treatment unit is 70' long, 20' wide, and 10' deep. What is the detention time in minutes? - correct ans-34 minutes Five pounds of hth are added to 100 gallons of water for disinfection. 80 gal. Of the solution were used. How many pounds of chlorine were actually used? - correct ans-2.6 What nba player was a defensive player of the year and the league leader in scoring in the same season? - correct ans-mj What nfl running back has the most rushing yards all time? - correct ans-emmitt smith? Taste and odor problems required super chlorination in plant. How would you dechlorinate before sending the water to distribution? - correct ans-gac Florida Water Florida Water Which of these terms best describes electrolysis? - correct ans-stray current Convert 250 mg/l of total hardness to grains per gallon - correct ans-15 Convert 35 gpg to mg/l of total hardness - correct ans-599 The pressure gauge on the chlorine feed reads 90s and the injector gauge reads 10s. The chlorine residual keeps dropping. What is most likely the cause? - correct ans restriction in supply line What color is concrete? - correct ans-grey When installing a pipe fitting that will change direction of flow. What is the proper installation method? - correct ans-thrust block How long must water plant operation records be kept on site? - correct ans-10 years What is usually indicated when at sample point "a" in a water main a high do reading is obtained, and at sample point "b" downstream, the do reading is substantially lower? - correct ans-corrosion When is thm formation more likely to occur? - correct ans-spring and fall With what material is hydrochloric acid highly reactive? - correct ans-metals Sand drying beds are similar in construction to ? - correct ans-gravity sand filters Calculate the langlier index where the ph = 8.8, and the phs is 8.3 - correct ans-+0.5 A positive langlier index is _______. - correct ans-scale forming What do we call a detailed description of all underground features discovered during well drilling? - correct ans-geological log What information is need to calculate the phs for the langlier index? - correct ans-temp, tds, alkalinity, calcium hardness What process is commonly used to remove volatile organics from water? - correct ans polyphosphates How often must a water system test for radionuclides? - correct ans-3 yrs Calculate the amount of water needed to backwash a 360 sq ft dilter at 9000 gpm. The backwash duration is 8 minutes. - correct ans-72,000 gal Florida Water Florida Water In january a 6 ppm cl2 dosage produced a 2.0 ppm residual. In july an 8 ppm dosage produced a 1.5 ppm residual. What is most likely the cause for the lower chlorine residual? - correct ans-increase in water temperature Why is recarbonation necessary when lime softening is used to reduce excessive hydroxide hardness? - correct ans-reduce the scale forming tendencies of the supersaturated h2o In hot water systems, scaling is a problem because _________ is less soluble in hot h2o than it is in cold h2o. - correct ans-calcium carbonate What is the primary purpose of filters in a wtp? - correct ans-lower turbidity A wtp meets or exceeds all treatment parameters. It has started to receive customer complaints concerning red water in the distribution system. Polyphosphate is being used in the treatment process. What is most likely causing the red water? - correct ans polyphosphate reverted to orthophosphate A well pump is rated at 6000 gpm at 85% efficiency. The well is 15' long, 12' wide, and 10' deep. If the pump takes 10 minutes to lower the well 5 feet, does it pump higher or lower than rated? - correct ans-73 gpm, higher What will happen if the recirculation rate for a solid contact unit is too high? - correct ans-overflow of slurry to filter If a water sample tests positive for coliform, what action must be taken by the water system? - correct ans-repeat sample 24 hours after notification Many samples for mcl compliance are taken in the distribution system. What sample is taken where the water enters the distribution system? - correct ans-turbidity When taking a hardness test, the titration should be completed within 5 min. An inhibitor reagent should be used when metal ion interference causes an indistinct end point, and _________. - correct ans-a sample volume should be selected which requires less than 15 ml of edta titrant. To control thm formation, alternate disinfectants are used including ozone, chlorine dioxide, and _______. - correct ans-chloramines. To insure membrane longevity and slow down hydrolysis, ro plants add _____? - correct ans-acid The recovery rate of a membrane softening plant is limited by what two factors? - correct ans-desired product h2o quality and mineral content Florida Water Florida Water Media loss is caused by high backwash rate and air bubbles caused by? - correct ans air binding When alum dosage is decreased, lime dosage may? - correct ans-decrease What will happen if the brine valve in an ro unit is fully closed? - correct ans-100% recovery and damage to the membranes The plant operator is having difficulty maintaining the sludge blanked in the solids contact unit. What action is needed? - correct ans-adjust recirculation rate How often must the standby generator be operated? - correct ans-4hrs continuously under load, once a month The sludge blanket is too low. What should you do to raise the blanket level? - correct ans-reduce blowoff times or duration. A wtp is receiving customer complaints concerning milky water. What is likely the cause? - correct ans-air compressor problem What chemical is used to clean hypochlorinator poppet valve? - correct ans-hydrochloric acid Who is responsible for accident investigation and written safety procedures in the work place? - correct ans-safety officer / risk manager When backwashing an air-bound filter, what procedure should you follow? - correct ans backwash slowly When the chlorinator is set at a high feed rate, chlorine feed/dose is good. When the rate is lowered, chlorine will not feed properly. What is likely the cause? - correct ans vacuum regulating valve? When alum is used as a thickener, what is used to precoat a filter belt? - correct ans diatomaceous earth Non-carbonate hardness is also called? - correct ans-permanent hardness What is the correct method to determine the hydroxide alkalinity in the lime softening process? - correct ans-2p-t What does it indicate when the l.i. Is 0, and the driving force index is 1? - correct ans saturated Which of these compounds are most commonly used to fluoridate drinking water? - correct ans-naf, na2sif6, h2sif6 Florida Water Florida Water The water treatment plant had a flow of 4.6 mgd. The raw water contains 0.2 mg/l of fluoride. The desired finish content is 0.85 mg/l. How many pounds of 100% fluoride are needed per day? - correct ans-25 lbs H2sif6 is the chemical name for which fluoride compound? - correct ans-hydrofluosilicic acid A saturator used with sodium fluoride will have severe scaling if the water hardness is above? - correct ans-10mg/l Water that has hardness in excess of _________ must be softened in order to prepare a sodium fluoride solution. - correct ans-75 mg/l What is usually one of the first symptoms form swallowing fluoride? - correct ans vomiting What is usually one of the first symptoms when fluoride is inhaled? - correct ans-nose bleed If the ta is 160 and the pa is 84, what is the hydroxide alkalinity? (2p-t) - correct ans-8 Which of the following is the correct procedure to follow 24 hours after notification of a positive coliform sample? - correct ans-resample at the sire, upstream, and downstream Who is the cutest baby in the whole world? - correct ans-ted What is the minimum amount of sample volume used in coliform tests? - correct ans 100ml When collecting samples for coliform, which of the following step is not correct? - correct ans-remove the cap and place it on a clean surface? In order to meet system demand for water, clear wells and storage tanks should? - correct ans-be filled during periods of low demand Conservation of energy includes matching motors to their loads. Generally, ______ motors should be loaded nearer their capacity than _____ motors. - correct ans-larger / smaller The scheduling of electrically powered treatment equipment to minimize peak electric demands is called? - correct ans-load management The wtp source water has high turbidity. How will this affect the treatment process? - correct ans-increases chemical demand Florida Water Florida Water What is the flow rate in gallons per minute of an 8" pope that has a velocity of 3.5 fps and 70 psi? - correct ans-547 gpm What is one function of clear wells? - correct ans-provide contact time for disinfection Which of the following will cause shortened filter runs? - correct ans-filter aid overdose Why is it important to have low water turbidity? - correct ans-less difficult to disinfect What is the function of a rotometer? - correct ans-meter gas flow What does this reaction indicate? H2s + 4cl2 + 4h2o h2so4 + 8 hcl - correct ans complete oxidation of sulfide to sulfate What is required for public notification of primary standards mcl violation? - correct ans mail, newspaper, broadcast How is aeration of water accomplished? - correct ans-exposing large water surface area to the atmosphere What is the final step in the removal of suspended solids? - correct ans-filtration A lime softening plant is having trouble with slow floc formation. What is the most cost effective way to solve the problem? - correct ans-recycle settled sludge Which of the following conditions will lead to a smaller number of thms forming? - correct ans-low ph A surface wtp has a medicinal taste in its finished water. What is the most likely cause? - correct ans-phenols Volatile organics are commonly removed by? - correct ans-degasification A chlorinator is experiencing low chlorine feed rate with the rate valve open. The injector vacuum is low but increases when the rate valve is shut. What is the probable cause? - correct ans-clogged injector and insufficient injector water supply High concentration of hypochlorus acid is found in water with a ph of? - correct ans-6.6 ( low ph ) A wtp using the lime softening process has a finished water hardness of 83 mg/l and a +).5 l.i. . What does this indicate? - correct ans-finished water is scale forming The oxidation of iron to form insoluble ferric hydroxide can be increased by? - correct ans-higher water ph Florida Water Florida Water In a lime softening plant, what is the ideal stoichiometric relationship for alkalinity? - correct ans-2p What is the first step taken to determine the cause of a taste or odor problem in the distribution system? - correct ans-locate point of origin in the distribution system Which of the following methods is used to determine the optimum coagulant dosage? - correct ans-jar test Lower temperatures in the treatment unit can causes? - correct ans-floc carryover Which of the following is considered a water-borne disease? - correct ans-cholera What is a common cause of temporary cloudiness in a water sample taken from the kitchen? - correct ans-air Generally, the detention time in a conventional sedimentation basin is? - correct ans-2 - 6 hours Water with high amounts of do is? - correct ans-corrosive A wtp using 10%sodium hypochlorite solution switches to a 5% solution. What change must they make to insure adequate disinfection? - correct ans-increase dosage by 100% To remove magnesium hydroxide, a wtp is using excess lime and recarbonation. What method can you recommend to lower their treatment costs and maintain the water quality? - correct ans-split treatment A treatment plant using greensand filtration is receiving complaints of red water. What can you recommend to resolve the problem? - correct ans-regenerate the greensand with potassium permanganate In membrane softening, concentration polarization leads to an increasing tendency for precipitation of sparingly soluble salts and? - correct ans-deposition of particulate matter on the membrane Which of the following can be used to increase the recovery rate of an ro plant? - correct ans-increase operating pressure Groundwater systems using free chlorine as a disinfectant are required to provide a minimum of _____ minutes contact time as _____ flows. - correct ans-15 / peak hourly The solution feeder has a maximum output of 30 gph. The rate control scale reads in percentage. What should the feeder be set at to feed 10 gph? - correct ans-33 % Florida Water Florida Water Express 20 degrees celsius in fahrenheit. - correct ans-68 Pumping from a well at a rate exceeding the rate of replacement leads to what condition? - correct ans-aquifer depletion A vent on the well casing allows? - correct ans-entrance or escape of air / gas In order to prevent damage from water hammer, hydropneumatic tanks should have? - correct ans-pressure relief valves. An ro plant produces 0.88 mgd with a feed flow of 740 gpm. What is the percent recovery? - correct ans-83% What is the probable source of gasoline or chemical taste and odor complaints? - correct ans-chemical spill Why is sodium thiosulfate added to a coliform sample bag? - correct ans-remove chlorine How long can samples be held before testing for chlorine residual? - correct ans immediately Who is responsible for plant operations regardless of the size or process method? - correct ans-licensed operator What information is needed to determine the amount of alkalinity to add for proper coagulation? - correct ans-alkalinity of raw water When a well has been cleaned and pumped until all traces of disinfectant are gone, bacteriological samples must be taken for how many consecutive days? - correct ans 20 To prepare a coagulant at the wtp, 9.5004 grams of chemical is diluted in 1000ml of water. The wtp has only 6.2004 grams of the chemical available now. How many ml of distilled water must be added to the 6.2004 g to obtain the same solution strength? - correct ans-653 ml When must a wtp submit the results of fluoride split analysis sampling to the hrs state dental office? - correct ans-monthly How many grams per liter of naocl are in a 0.20 n solution? N= 23 o = 16 cl = 35.5 - correct ans-14.9 What is the maximum holding time for turbidity samples? - correct ans-48 hrs Florida Water Florida Water When collecting iron samples, what chemical is added as a preservative? - correct ans hno3 to ph 2 Physical factors that affect coagulation include? - correct ans-ph, alkalinity, temperature, turbidity While the filter influent valve is shut, the water level in the filter drops 6" in 90 seconds. The filter is 12' long and 8' wide. What is the filtration rate in gpm/sq ft? - correct ans-2.5 When dealing with disciplinary situations, a supervisor should be? - correct ans-calm, flexible, and open minded A community water system serving 350 or more persons, or having 150 or more service connections must provide auxiliary power for operation of source treatment units and pumps at a rate equal to? - correct ans-average daily flow. How many pounds of dry polymer must be added to a 10 gal tank to produce a .30 strength solution? - correct ans-2.5 lbs How many gallons of water must be added to a fallon of 6% naocl solution to produce a .06% solution? - correct ans-99 gal The v/v test indicates 2% sludge. What change should you make in plant process? - correct ans-blow off less sludge A wtp is having difficulty maintaining a sludge blanket. What action must be taken? - correct ans-adjust recirculation rate Gaseous chlorine is being withdrawn at a rate faster than liquid can be evaporated. What is likely to happen? - correct ans-freezing of the cylinder. When backwashing a filter, how do you determine when the filter is clean? - correct ans backwash water is clear. A positive l.i. Will _____ the rate of _____. - correct ans-decrease / corrosion What process methods are used to reduce the volume of sludge? - correct ans thickening, conditioning, dewatering How is water removed from a sand drying bed? - correct ans-gravity Accurate maps of the distribution system are necessary in order to? - correct ans-locate valves and mains quickly in an emergency Inaccurate test results are generally due to? - correct ans-improper sampling techniques. Florida Water Florida Water What in an interconnection? - correct ans-connection between two approved potable water systems. Sample bottles for chemical analysis should be? - correct ans-clean, but not necessarily sterile The psi gauge for a pump at the base of a water tank is 88. How tall is the tank? (assume the tank is full) - correct ans-203' Using the following water analysis, determine the correct corrosion control chemical. Ca2 hardness 40 mg/l Total alkalinity 11 mg/l - correct ans-soda ash Calculate the mineral rejection as a percentage for a membrane softening plant when the feed water has a hardness of 220 mg/l and 1600 gm/l tds and a mineral rejection stream of 1480 mg/l. - correct ans-92.5% The ro raw water has 1600 mg/l tds and the finished water 120 mg/l. The flow is 10 mgd. Product flow is 8.5 mgd. What is the percent recovery? - correct ans-85% Which fac chapter addresses drinking water standards, monitoring, and reporting? - correct ans-62.550 In an ro plant, which of the following causes lower than normal water production and higher than normal salt rejection. - correct ans-membrane compaction Name a superhero that lives in the sea. - correct ans-aqua man What best describes a toxic substance? - correct ans-poisonous How can you improve sedimentation? - correct ans-install tube settlers What are the three types of solids? - correct ans-settable, non-settable, and total desolved What is the main purpose of flocculation? - correct ans-bring micro floc together What is another name for calcium oxide? - correct ans-quick lime The quantity of water that air will hold without condensing is determined by? - correct ans-air temperature What is the anion found in high concentrations in natural waters? - correct ans bicarbonate Florida Water Florida Water When coliform appears in 3 of the 5 10ml portions of a single standard sample, what action is required? - correct ans-collect daily samples daily until two consecutive days of satisfactory samples have been obtained. Concentrations of nitrite greater than 1 mg/l may cause _____ in infants. - correct ans methemoglobimemia and blue babies Community water systems with surface water as a supply source must analyze for inorganic chemicals? - correct ans-annually If alpha emitters are absent, a water supply may be acceptable if the gross beta does not exceed? - correct ans-2 picocuries/l Drinking water with high levels of silver may cause? - correct ans-blue-grey discoloration of eyes and skin After adding a new chlorine cylinder, the pressure gauge and rotameter read zero. You switch to another tank with the same results. What's the most likely cause? - correct ans-line between valve and chlorinator is clogged What is the best chemical to use to dechlorinate a large amount of water? - correct ans sodium thiosulfate and sulfur dioxide What method can be used to determine the disinfecting power of chlorine? - correct ans-orp probes If a licensed operator is found guilty of gross negligence, fdep can _____ the operator's license. - correct ans-permanently revoke What was the best starwars movie? - correct ans-all answers are acceptable except episode 1 What is the best way to control chemical dosages in a treatment plant? - correct ans electronically controlled chemical feeders Which of the following is a physical characteristic of water? - correct ans-color What is the most likely source of water with a hardness of 200 - 300 mg/l as caco3? - correct ans-groundwater from an area which has a soluble limestone geology What is the disadvantage of removing non-carbonate hardness? - correct ans-sodium content in water is increased By ________ the speed of the recirculation device, in an up flow solids contact unit, a _____ amount of slurry can be retained in the unit. - correct ans-increasing / larger Florida Water Florida Water What is the highest possible turbidity reduction expected when operating a filtration process under optimum conditions? - correct ans-99.5% Which of the following conditions are conducive to triggering algal blooms? - correct ans-abundant sunlight and nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous. The funnel shaped volume within the radius of influence is called the _____. And for an aquifer this represents that part of the aquifer, which is being dewtered. - correct ans cone of depression Which of the following is a disadvantage of the cascade type aerators? - correct ans encourages biological growth. Which of the following conditions would not be a cause for a pump's electric motor to fail to start? - correct ans-pump not connected to motor Before starting any water lubricated pump, an operator should make sure that______ - correct ans-bearings are wet A hypochlorite solution is being prepared in a 100 gal tank. If you add 20 gal of 5% naocl to the tank, how much water should be add to the tank to get 1.5% hypochlorite solution? - correct ans-47 gal What is the average velocity in an 8" pipe if the flow is 500 gpm? - correct ans-3.18 ft/sec Well water with an iron concentration of 2.45 mg/l is aerated. After aeration the iron concentration is 0.35 mg/l and the manganese concentration is 0.60 mg/l. Calculate the kmno4 dosage needed to remove the iron and manganese. - correct ans-1.27 mg/l The iron exchange unit is treating 2.0 mgd with a hardness of 225 mg/l. The desired finished water hardness is 6.0 gpg. How many gallons must be bypassed? - correct ans-0.923 mgd What is the static water level of a well? - correct ans-the level when the water isn't being pumped What factor is considered when determining the required capacity of distribution system mains? - correct ans-number of service connections A well with a caisson that is sunk into the aquifer, with horizontal wells drilled into the aquifer from the bottom of the caisson is called? - correct ans-a radial well Which of the following is a source of lead in drinking water? - correct ans-galvanized pipe Florida Water Florida Water Water supplies with high levels of ____ may produce laxative effects. - correct ans sulfates Rp membrane fouling can be caused by ? - correct ans-bacteria In january, a wtp is having trouble feeding cl2. The cl2 building is heated, but the lines going to the cl2 point are not heated. What is causing the problem? - correct ans condensation in line When must the mor's be submitted to fdep? - correct ans-within 10 days after the month of operation When sludge is allowed to accumulate too long in a solids contact unit, ______ is decreased. - correct ans-detention time Wtps using solids contact units require? - correct ans-tighter process control and less space to accomplish treatment Controlling organic loading and taste and odor problems within a reservoir may reduce or eliminate? - correct ans-activated carbon treatment Thm precursors are? - correct ans-naturally occurring organic compounds The variable vacuum control on the chlorinator won't feed at a maximum rate. Gas pressure and cprv are good. What is the problem? - correct ans-plugged restrictor When treating very cold water, what change must be considered? - correct ans-increase coagulation dose One of the first warnings a water system has a possible cross connection contamination is a complaint of a water taste or odor that is? - correct ans-septic or musky The finished water from an ion exchange unit has a salty taste to it. What is the likely cause? - correct ans-the rinse stage was not successful. In a properly operating ion exchange system, the finished water_______. - correct ans is free of calcium and magnesium The indicators used in the alkalinity titration, change color according to changes in? - correct ans-ph Iron and manganese react with _____ to form insoluble compounds. - correct ans chlorine Flo