NU 606: Midterm Exam (Latest 2026/2027 Update)
Questions with Verified Correct Answers
Hydrostatic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER -responsible for movement of fluid from intravascular
to extravascular; increased by volume overload
SA node - CORRECT ANSWER -60 to 100 BPM
AV node - CORRECT ANSWER -40 to 70 BPM
Wolfe-Parkinson-White Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER --Most common re-entry tachyarrythmia
-Delta waves present on EKG
-Rapid HR
-Syncopal episodes
-Sometimes require ablation or pacemaker
-Because the atria and ventricles are linked by two parallel connections, reentrant tachycardias
are readily initiated
Pathophysiology of A-fib - CORRECT ANSWER --rapid, chaotic, ectopic atrial impulse formation
-AV node becomes less effective allowing too many impulses
-atria quivering is ineffective and causes blood pooling and clot formation. The ventricles do not
fill adequately leading to insufficient volume ejection. The fluctuating HR also contributes to
variations in ventricular filling/ejection
-can cause a decrease in cardiac output and potential immobilization leading to a stroke
A. Fib - CORRECT ANSWER --Clinical manifestations: may be asymptomatic, may complain of
tiring easily; palpitations, dizziness, and syncope
, -Dx: EKG (P wave may be missing, irregular QRS)
-Tx: rate control, conversion to SR, anticoagulation for stroke prevention
Most common cause of HTN - CORRECT ANSWER -increased peripheral vascular resistance
Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER --Risk factors: age, race, family hx, obesity, tobacco use, high
Na diet, low K, Ca, or Mg diet, high Vit. D intake, alcohol use, stress
-Clinical manifestations: usually asymptomatic, but dizziness, fatigue, HA may also occur
-Dx: multiple BP readings; hypertensive urgency= 180/120 with no s/s; hypertensive
emergency= 180/120 with s/s
Tx: decrease Na intake, low fat, low sugar; initial choice of therapy is a thiazide diuretic, ACE,
ARB, or CCB
Effects of uncontrolled hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER --Increased afterload causes: CHF, MI,
or ischemia
-Arterial damage causes: MI or ischemia, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, aneurysms or
dissection, nephrosclerosis or renal failure, retinopathy
Atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER --Patho: inflammatory disease characterized by thickening
and hardening of the arterial wall resulting in decreased perfusion and ischemia;
supply/demand mismatch
-Causes: diet, obesity, aging, gender, family hx
-Dx: lipid panel, CRP
-Tx: statins, diet modification, surgery to bypass occlusions
-Leading cause of CV death in AL and US
Stable angina - CORRECT ANSWER --Aka chronic or classic
-intermittent chest pain with predictable pattern
Questions with Verified Correct Answers
Hydrostatic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER -responsible for movement of fluid from intravascular
to extravascular; increased by volume overload
SA node - CORRECT ANSWER -60 to 100 BPM
AV node - CORRECT ANSWER -40 to 70 BPM
Wolfe-Parkinson-White Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER --Most common re-entry tachyarrythmia
-Delta waves present on EKG
-Rapid HR
-Syncopal episodes
-Sometimes require ablation or pacemaker
-Because the atria and ventricles are linked by two parallel connections, reentrant tachycardias
are readily initiated
Pathophysiology of A-fib - CORRECT ANSWER --rapid, chaotic, ectopic atrial impulse formation
-AV node becomes less effective allowing too many impulses
-atria quivering is ineffective and causes blood pooling and clot formation. The ventricles do not
fill adequately leading to insufficient volume ejection. The fluctuating HR also contributes to
variations in ventricular filling/ejection
-can cause a decrease in cardiac output and potential immobilization leading to a stroke
A. Fib - CORRECT ANSWER --Clinical manifestations: may be asymptomatic, may complain of
tiring easily; palpitations, dizziness, and syncope
, -Dx: EKG (P wave may be missing, irregular QRS)
-Tx: rate control, conversion to SR, anticoagulation for stroke prevention
Most common cause of HTN - CORRECT ANSWER -increased peripheral vascular resistance
Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER --Risk factors: age, race, family hx, obesity, tobacco use, high
Na diet, low K, Ca, or Mg diet, high Vit. D intake, alcohol use, stress
-Clinical manifestations: usually asymptomatic, but dizziness, fatigue, HA may also occur
-Dx: multiple BP readings; hypertensive urgency= 180/120 with no s/s; hypertensive
emergency= 180/120 with s/s
Tx: decrease Na intake, low fat, low sugar; initial choice of therapy is a thiazide diuretic, ACE,
ARB, or CCB
Effects of uncontrolled hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER --Increased afterload causes: CHF, MI,
or ischemia
-Arterial damage causes: MI or ischemia, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, aneurysms or
dissection, nephrosclerosis or renal failure, retinopathy
Atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER --Patho: inflammatory disease characterized by thickening
and hardening of the arterial wall resulting in decreased perfusion and ischemia;
supply/demand mismatch
-Causes: diet, obesity, aging, gender, family hx
-Dx: lipid panel, CRP
-Tx: statins, diet modification, surgery to bypass occlusions
-Leading cause of CV death in AL and US
Stable angina - CORRECT ANSWER --Aka chronic or classic
-intermittent chest pain with predictable pattern
