PSYC 365 - FINAL REVIEW VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Memory Construction - Answers - organization
context
attention
culture (inferences, expectations, experiences)
top-down process
Source Monitoring - Answers - - determining the source of our knowledge, beliefs or memories
- involves retrieving memory and deciding where it came from
Jacoby et al. (1989) - Answers - After, 24 hours, some non-famous names were misidentified as
famous - seemed familiar
cryptomnesia - Answers - a type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she
has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea
to its proper source
pragmatic inference - Answers - drawing a probable conclusion, even if it was not directly
stated/implied
Marsh et al. (2006) - inferential reasoning - Answers - - participants given statements that were
stereotypically male/female, as well as one feminine name and a masculine name
- memory influenced by what participants thought were "typical" of females/males
Schemas - Answers - Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information,
based on knowledge and experience
Scripts - Answers - broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they
occur (e.g. going out for dinner)
Brewer & Treyens "Office Study" - Answers - Participants remembered several items that were
schema congruent - that is, that matched their schema of an office, whether or not those objects
were actually in the office or not (30% remembered books, but there weren't any)
DRM paradigm - Answers - A common procedure for studying memory, in which participants
read and then immediately recall a list of related words, but the word providing the "theme" for
the list is not included.
critical lure - Answers - false recall, a word that has to do with a list of words that is said, but the
word is not actually on the list
misinformation effect - Answers - incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an
event
Loftus and Palmer (1974) - Answers - - different words had an effect on the estimation of speed
and perception of consequences (speed, broken glass) (collided, bumped, crashed, etc.)
- cars "hit": 14% said broken glass
- cars "smashed": 32% reported broken glass
, retroactive interference - Answers - the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old
information
reconsolidation - Answers - - a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved,
are potentially altered before being stored again
- likely responsible for the misinformation effect
Memory Replacement - Answers - later information overwrites original memory during
reconsolidation
Nader et al. (2000) - Answers - rat study - reactivating a memory makes it fragile again and we
can disrupt it - retrieved memories must be reconsolidated
Alain Brunet (2008) - Answers - - treating PTSD
- gave participants propranolol (blocks stress hormone receptors in amygdala) while reliving
traumatic memory - had a much lower stress response (altered memory)
Gary Graham - Answers - sentenced to death for first degree murder based off of a single
eyewitness, no physical evidence
Innocence Project - Answers - an organization that is committed to exonerating wrongly
convicted people through the use of DNA testing and to reforming the criminal justice system to
prevent future injustice. Over 300 people have been exonerated - 18 of which were on death
row
false eyewitness testimony - Answers - 75% of wrongful convictions
Jennifer Thompson and Ronald Cotton - Answers - identified wrong man as her rapist - work
closely together to spread awareness that eyewitness testimony is not enough evidence to
convict
Errors in attention - Answers - - high stress affects what we attend to
- weapon focus: witnesses tend to remember details about weapon better than person
- "tunnel memory"
Stanny and Johnson (2000) - Answers - - weapon focus: the tendency to focus attention on a
weapon that results in a narrowing of attention
- high emotional arousal = poor memory
Errors due to familiarity - Answers - - similar to source monitoring error
- exposure = source misattribution
Ross et al. (1994) - Answers - - showed video of teachers reading to students
- shown film of female being robbed and had to pick robber out of a line up
- much more likely to pick male teacher as robber if actual robber wasn't in lineup
Errors due to suggestion - Answers - suggestive questioning (changes in wording), affirmative
feedback (positive reinforcement) and misinformation effect
Wells & Bradfield (1998) - Answers - - Asked participants to identify perpetrator from video
Memory Construction - Answers - organization
context
attention
culture (inferences, expectations, experiences)
top-down process
Source Monitoring - Answers - - determining the source of our knowledge, beliefs or memories
- involves retrieving memory and deciding where it came from
Jacoby et al. (1989) - Answers - After, 24 hours, some non-famous names were misidentified as
famous - seemed familiar
cryptomnesia - Answers - a type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she
has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea
to its proper source
pragmatic inference - Answers - drawing a probable conclusion, even if it was not directly
stated/implied
Marsh et al. (2006) - inferential reasoning - Answers - - participants given statements that were
stereotypically male/female, as well as one feminine name and a masculine name
- memory influenced by what participants thought were "typical" of females/males
Schemas - Answers - Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information,
based on knowledge and experience
Scripts - Answers - broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they
occur (e.g. going out for dinner)
Brewer & Treyens "Office Study" - Answers - Participants remembered several items that were
schema congruent - that is, that matched their schema of an office, whether or not those objects
were actually in the office or not (30% remembered books, but there weren't any)
DRM paradigm - Answers - A common procedure for studying memory, in which participants
read and then immediately recall a list of related words, but the word providing the "theme" for
the list is not included.
critical lure - Answers - false recall, a word that has to do with a list of words that is said, but the
word is not actually on the list
misinformation effect - Answers - incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an
event
Loftus and Palmer (1974) - Answers - - different words had an effect on the estimation of speed
and perception of consequences (speed, broken glass) (collided, bumped, crashed, etc.)
- cars "hit": 14% said broken glass
- cars "smashed": 32% reported broken glass
, retroactive interference - Answers - the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old
information
reconsolidation - Answers - - a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved,
are potentially altered before being stored again
- likely responsible for the misinformation effect
Memory Replacement - Answers - later information overwrites original memory during
reconsolidation
Nader et al. (2000) - Answers - rat study - reactivating a memory makes it fragile again and we
can disrupt it - retrieved memories must be reconsolidated
Alain Brunet (2008) - Answers - - treating PTSD
- gave participants propranolol (blocks stress hormone receptors in amygdala) while reliving
traumatic memory - had a much lower stress response (altered memory)
Gary Graham - Answers - sentenced to death for first degree murder based off of a single
eyewitness, no physical evidence
Innocence Project - Answers - an organization that is committed to exonerating wrongly
convicted people through the use of DNA testing and to reforming the criminal justice system to
prevent future injustice. Over 300 people have been exonerated - 18 of which were on death
row
false eyewitness testimony - Answers - 75% of wrongful convictions
Jennifer Thompson and Ronald Cotton - Answers - identified wrong man as her rapist - work
closely together to spread awareness that eyewitness testimony is not enough evidence to
convict
Errors in attention - Answers - - high stress affects what we attend to
- weapon focus: witnesses tend to remember details about weapon better than person
- "tunnel memory"
Stanny and Johnson (2000) - Answers - - weapon focus: the tendency to focus attention on a
weapon that results in a narrowing of attention
- high emotional arousal = poor memory
Errors due to familiarity - Answers - - similar to source monitoring error
- exposure = source misattribution
Ross et al. (1994) - Answers - - showed video of teachers reading to students
- shown film of female being robbed and had to pick robber out of a line up
- much more likely to pick male teacher as robber if actual robber wasn't in lineup
Errors due to suggestion - Answers - suggestive questioning (changes in wording), affirmative
feedback (positive reinforcement) and misinformation effect
Wells & Bradfield (1998) - Answers - - Asked participants to identify perpetrator from video
