Page 1 of 141
CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 4 REVISION EXAM
2026 WITH UPDATED MULTIPLE QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
Q1. Which of the following best defines recidivism?
a) The initial commission of a crime
b) The tendency to reoffend after punishment
c) The process of rehabilitation
d) The study of criminal statistics
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Answer: b) The tendency to reoffend after punishment
Rationale: Recidivism refers to relapse into criminal behavior,
often measured by re-arrest, reconviction, or reincarceration.
Q2. Criminal liability requires:
a) Only a guilty act (actus reus)
b) Only a guilty mind (mens rea)
c) Both actus reus and mens rea
d) Neither act nor intent
Answer: c) Both actus reus and mens rea
Rationale: For most crimes, both a prohibited act and a
culpable mental state must be proven.
Q3. A white-collar crime is typically:
a) Violent and street-based
b) Financially motivated and non-violent
c) Committed only by organized crime groups
d) Always a misdemeanor
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Answer: b) Financially motivated and non-violent
Rationale: Edwin Sutherland defined white-collar crime as
crime committed by persons of high status in the course of their
occupation.
Q4. Which theory argues that crime results from a breakdown
of social norms?
a) Strain theory
b) Anomie theory
c) Labeling theory
d) Rational choice theory
Answer: b) Anomie theory
Rationale: Durkheim’s anomie theory suggests normlessness
leads to deviance; Merton adapted it as strain theory.
Q5. The dark figure of crime refers to:
a) Crimes committed at night
b) Unreported or undiscovered crime
, Page 4 of 141
c) Violent crime statistics
d) Corporate crime data
Answer: b) Unreported or undiscovered crime
Rationale: Many crimes are not reported to police, so official
stats underestimate true prevalence.
Q6. Deterrence theory suggests punishment should be:
a) Rehabilitative only
b) Certain, swift, and severe
c) Retributive and harsh
d) Restorative and forgiving
Answer: b) Certain, swift, and severe
Rationale: Classical criminology (Beccaria) argues certainty
and swiftness deter more than severity.
Q7. Which is an example of a victimless crime?
a) Burglary
b) Gambling (where illegal)
CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 4 REVISION EXAM
2026 WITH UPDATED MULTIPLE QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
Q1. Which of the following best defines recidivism?
a) The initial commission of a crime
b) The tendency to reoffend after punishment
c) The process of rehabilitation
d) The study of criminal statistics
,Page 2 of 141
Answer: b) The tendency to reoffend after punishment
Rationale: Recidivism refers to relapse into criminal behavior,
often measured by re-arrest, reconviction, or reincarceration.
Q2. Criminal liability requires:
a) Only a guilty act (actus reus)
b) Only a guilty mind (mens rea)
c) Both actus reus and mens rea
d) Neither act nor intent
Answer: c) Both actus reus and mens rea
Rationale: For most crimes, both a prohibited act and a
culpable mental state must be proven.
Q3. A white-collar crime is typically:
a) Violent and street-based
b) Financially motivated and non-violent
c) Committed only by organized crime groups
d) Always a misdemeanor
,Page 3 of 141
Answer: b) Financially motivated and non-violent
Rationale: Edwin Sutherland defined white-collar crime as
crime committed by persons of high status in the course of their
occupation.
Q4. Which theory argues that crime results from a breakdown
of social norms?
a) Strain theory
b) Anomie theory
c) Labeling theory
d) Rational choice theory
Answer: b) Anomie theory
Rationale: Durkheim’s anomie theory suggests normlessness
leads to deviance; Merton adapted it as strain theory.
Q5. The dark figure of crime refers to:
a) Crimes committed at night
b) Unreported or undiscovered crime
, Page 4 of 141
c) Violent crime statistics
d) Corporate crime data
Answer: b) Unreported or undiscovered crime
Rationale: Many crimes are not reported to police, so official
stats underestimate true prevalence.
Q6. Deterrence theory suggests punishment should be:
a) Rehabilitative only
b) Certain, swift, and severe
c) Retributive and harsh
d) Restorative and forgiving
Answer: b) Certain, swift, and severe
Rationale: Classical criminology (Beccaria) argues certainty
and swiftness deter more than severity.
Q7. Which is an example of a victimless crime?
a) Burglary
b) Gambling (where illegal)
