NU606/ NU 606 (Latest 2025/ 2026 Update) Advanced
Pathophysiology Review Practice Questions 100% Correct
(Verified Answers)
Any objective evidence of disease as - Sign
subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or a headache - Symptom
Abrupt onset; illness of short duration, rapidly progressive and in need of urgent care - Acute
a group of symptoms - Syndrome
signs and symptoms of disease; local or systemic - Manifestation
cause of disease - Etiology
Increased in size of individual cells resulting in enlarged tissue mass - hypertrophy
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type - Metaplasia
loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type - Anaplasia
decrease in cell size - Atrophy
,Normal cellular genes that when altered by mutation becomes an oncogene that can contribute to
cancer - Proto-oncogenes
A disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the
body around them. - Cancer
benign fatty tumor - Lipoma
a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue - Adenoma
a sarcoma in which the predominant cell type is a malignant fibroblast. - Fibro sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue - Sarcoma
Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities. - Epithelial tissue
a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen - Fibroblast
Type of cancer that starts in mucus-producing glandular cells of the body - Adenocarcinoma
Unfavorable result of a disease - Complication
Increases irritability of nerves causing: restlessness, muscle twitching, tingling, finger numbness,
eventually tetany, seizures, and coma - How does alkalosis impact nerves?
Respiratory alkalosis. Exhaling more CO2 than they are bringing in - What type of imbalance
can hyperventilation lead to and how?
Regulates calcium and phosphorous concentration in the extracellular fluid; if calcium
concentrations in EC fluid fall below normal, brings it back WNL. Calcium increases, phosphate
in blood is reduced - What is parathyroid hormone?
Too much can cause bone issues - What happens when parathyroid hormone increases?
,Assciated with maternal migraines and seizures, premature membrane rupture, and placental
separation from the uterus. Hypertensive crisis. - How does cocaine impact pregnancy?
Suppress the immune system - Glucocorticoids
Black, dry - What does dry gangrene look like?
Cardiac contractions become weak since cardiac muscles rely on free calcium. Ca ions bind to
troponin which exposes binding sites - How does low calcium impact cardiac contractions?
Manifested in heterozygous males who lack matching normal gene on the Y chromosome.
Females are carriers when they are heterozygous. - Transmission patterns for X linked recessive
disorders
Superficial Pathway - Where are the acupuncture points located?
Increased milk and antacid intake can lead to hypercalcemia - What is milk-alkali syndrome?
Acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate in the stool - Consequences of prolonged diarrhea?
1. renal failure
2. deficit of aldosterone
3. K+ sparing diuretics
4. leakage of intracellular K+ into the ECF (w/ extensive tissue damage)
5. displacement of K+ from cells by prolonged or severe acidosis (diabetic ketoacidosis) - What
can cause hyperkalemia?
Diarrhea, diuresis, treatment of DKA without insulin - What can cause hypokalemia?
, inner cells frequently deprived of blood and nutrients causing cell death. Necrosis can lead to
more inflammation and infection at the site - what are local effects of an expanding tumor mass?
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness - What are warning signs for cancer?
-Toxoplasmosis
-Other
-Rubella
-Cytomegalovirus
-Herpes simplex virus (HSV) - What does TORCH stand for?
- Chapter 1
Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease? - 1.
An inherited disorder - a.
A combination of specific etiological factors - b.
An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug - c.
Pathophysiology Review Practice Questions 100% Correct
(Verified Answers)
Any objective evidence of disease as - Sign
subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or a headache - Symptom
Abrupt onset; illness of short duration, rapidly progressive and in need of urgent care - Acute
a group of symptoms - Syndrome
signs and symptoms of disease; local or systemic - Manifestation
cause of disease - Etiology
Increased in size of individual cells resulting in enlarged tissue mass - hypertrophy
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type - Metaplasia
loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type - Anaplasia
decrease in cell size - Atrophy
,Normal cellular genes that when altered by mutation becomes an oncogene that can contribute to
cancer - Proto-oncogenes
A disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the
body around them. - Cancer
benign fatty tumor - Lipoma
a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue - Adenoma
a sarcoma in which the predominant cell type is a malignant fibroblast. - Fibro sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue - Sarcoma
Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities. - Epithelial tissue
a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen - Fibroblast
Type of cancer that starts in mucus-producing glandular cells of the body - Adenocarcinoma
Unfavorable result of a disease - Complication
Increases irritability of nerves causing: restlessness, muscle twitching, tingling, finger numbness,
eventually tetany, seizures, and coma - How does alkalosis impact nerves?
Respiratory alkalosis. Exhaling more CO2 than they are bringing in - What type of imbalance
can hyperventilation lead to and how?
Regulates calcium and phosphorous concentration in the extracellular fluid; if calcium
concentrations in EC fluid fall below normal, brings it back WNL. Calcium increases, phosphate
in blood is reduced - What is parathyroid hormone?
Too much can cause bone issues - What happens when parathyroid hormone increases?
,Assciated with maternal migraines and seizures, premature membrane rupture, and placental
separation from the uterus. Hypertensive crisis. - How does cocaine impact pregnancy?
Suppress the immune system - Glucocorticoids
Black, dry - What does dry gangrene look like?
Cardiac contractions become weak since cardiac muscles rely on free calcium. Ca ions bind to
troponin which exposes binding sites - How does low calcium impact cardiac contractions?
Manifested in heterozygous males who lack matching normal gene on the Y chromosome.
Females are carriers when they are heterozygous. - Transmission patterns for X linked recessive
disorders
Superficial Pathway - Where are the acupuncture points located?
Increased milk and antacid intake can lead to hypercalcemia - What is milk-alkali syndrome?
Acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate in the stool - Consequences of prolonged diarrhea?
1. renal failure
2. deficit of aldosterone
3. K+ sparing diuretics
4. leakage of intracellular K+ into the ECF (w/ extensive tissue damage)
5. displacement of K+ from cells by prolonged or severe acidosis (diabetic ketoacidosis) - What
can cause hyperkalemia?
Diarrhea, diuresis, treatment of DKA without insulin - What can cause hypokalemia?
, inner cells frequently deprived of blood and nutrients causing cell death. Necrosis can lead to
more inflammation and infection at the site - what are local effects of an expanding tumor mass?
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness - What are warning signs for cancer?
-Toxoplasmosis
-Other
-Rubella
-Cytomegalovirus
-Herpes simplex virus (HSV) - What does TORCH stand for?
- Chapter 1
Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease? - 1.
An inherited disorder - a.
A combination of specific etiological factors - b.
An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug - c.
