Fundamentals Exam 2 Exam Questions and
Answers
Pointers for the Fundamental Exam #2: - ANSWER>>This exam will cover Sensory, Hygiene, Pain
Management, Safety, Legal, and Ethics.
This Exam will cover Pain Management, PCA, types of pain, Nonpharmacological pain management,
Acute versus Chronic Pain Management, Pain Assessment, Adjuvant and Co-Analgesic Pain
Management, Antidote MS, (8- 12 questions) >
PCA pump - ANSWER>>patient controlled analgesic administered intravenously with a machine
Types of Pain:
1. Acute/transient pain:
2. Chronic/persistent noncancer:
3. Chronic episodic:
4. Cancer:
5. Idiopathic: - ANSWER>>1. Protective, identifiable, short duration; limited emotional response
2. Is not protective, has no purpose, may or may not have an identifiable cause.
3. Occurs sporadically over an extended duration.
4. Can be acute or chronic
5. Chronic pain without identifiable physical or psychological cause
1. Nociception
2. There are four physiological processes of nociception: - ANSWER>>1. is defined as an observable
activity in the nervous system in response to an adequate stimulus (third-person perspective) Normal or
nociceptive pain is the protective physiologic series of events that bring awareness of actual or potential
tissue damage.
2. transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation.
1. Transduction
2. Transmission
3. Perception
4. Modulation - ANSWER>>1. is the process whereby an activated nociceptor converts energy produced
by these stimuli (e.g., exposure to pressure or a hot surface) into an action potential. Once transduction
is complete, transmission of the nociceptive impulse begins.
,2. Sending of impulse across a sensory pain nerve fiber (nociceptor)
3. is the point at which a person is aware of nociceptive impulses and perceives pain.
4. Inhibits pain impulse; A protective reflex response occurs with pain reception
Nonpharmacological pain-relief interventions: - ANSWER>>Cognitive and behavioral approach,
Relaxation and guided imagery, Distraction, Music, Cutaneous stimulation, Cold and heat application,
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS), Herbals, Reducing pain perception and reception.
Pain Assessment
1. PQRST
2. ABCDE
3. OLDCART - ANSWER>>1. Palliative, Quality, Relief/Region, Severity, Timing, U-effect of pain on you/pt
2. Approach to pain- ABCDE: Ask, Believe, Choose, Deliver, Empower
3. Onset, Location, Duration, Characteristics, Aggravating factors, Relieving factors, and Treatment. It is
assessing the physiological components of the pain.
1. Concomitant
2. Adjuvant and Co-Analgesics
3. Multimodal Analgesia - ANSWER>>1. symptoms that occur w/ pain: nausea, headache, dizziness, urge
to urinate, constipation, depression, and restlessness.
2. Adjuvants: Co-analgesics; advance analgesic effects.
3. Combines drugs with at least 2 different mechanisms of action to optimize pain control.
Antidote MS - ANSWER>>Naloxone
Narcan (trade name)
Safety in patient care, NPSG, Standard precautions, Morse Fall Risk Tool (know the names of the
different assessment tools), Body Mechanics, Restraints, Fire Safety, Patient safe handling, Greatest
Indicator of Fall Risk, Protocol what to do when the patient Falls. Remember that the RN is ultimately
the person who is responsible for the patient care outcomes and providing the safe environment for the
patient. The document "To Err is Human" it was created by which organization and what was the
purpose of writing this? ( 8 - 15 questions) - ANSWER>>
NPSG National Patient Safety Goals - ANSWER>>Identify patients correctly
Improve staff communication
Use medicines safely
Use alarms safely
Prevent infection
Identify patient safety risks
,Prevent mistakes in surgery
Standard Precautions - ANSWER>>CDC precautions used in the care of all patients regardless of their
diagnosis or possible infection status; this category combines universal and body substance precautions
"Know the names of the different assessment tools"
Morse Fall Risk Tool - ANSWER>>1. History of falling
2. Secondary diagnosis
3. Ambulatory aid
4. Intravenous therapy/heparin lock
5. Gait
6. Mental status
FALL Prevention Skill page: Review record for injury from fall risk. ABCS - ANSWER>>Age over 85;
Bone disorders;
Coagulation disorders;
Surgery
1. ("BMAT") Banner Mobility Assessment Tool:
2. ("TUG") Timed get Up and Go:
3. Assess Previous Falls Using Mnemonic: SPLATT - ANSWER>>1. assesses for functional tasks to identify
level of mobility patient can achieve an amount of assistance needed.
2. measures balance, sit to stand and walking ability.
3. Symptoms prior to fall; Previous falls; Location during fall; Activity at time of fall; Time of fall; Trauma
after fall.
Body Mechanics Principles - ANSWER>>stand as close to object to be moved as possible, avoid
stretching, reaching, and twisting, make use of bed elevation, lift using gluteal and leg muscles(not
back), hold objects close to your center of gravity.
Fire Safety: RACE
Fire Safety: PASS - ANSWER>>R-rescue: protect/evacuate clients in danger
A-alarm: activate alarm/report the fire
C-contain: close doors/windows
E-Extinguish: use the correct extinguisher to eliminate the fire
, Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep
"To Err is Human" it was created by - ANSWER>>Institute of medicine
All aspects of Sensory Perception; Peripheral Neuropathy (PN), Cranial nerve assessments, types of
aphasia (sensory or receptive and motor or expressive), Neuro assessment PERRLA, visual acuity,
stereoscopic, presbyopia, tinnitus, different lobe functions and cerebellum, Review CN you check when
assessing your patient eyes, mouth, taste, swallowing, and balance. The different lobes of the brain each
has its own functioning be familiar with this (This is really basic A&P). Presbyopia assessment and
assessment with Snellen chart. Indication for your patient with Vestibular problems. (10-12 questions) -
ANSWER>>
Senses: - ANSWER>>• Sight/visual
• Hearing/auditory
• Touch/tactile
• Smell/olfactory
• Taste/gustatory
• Position and motion/kinesthetic
1. Sensory Deficit
2. Sensory Deprivation
3. Sensory Overload - ANSWER>>1. Deficit in the normal function of sensory reception and perception
2. Inadequate quality or quantity of stimulation
3. Reception of multiple sensory stimuli (easy to confuse w/ mood swings or disorientation)
3 types of sensory deprivation: - ANSWER>>1. Reduced sensory input (visual or hearing loss occurs);
2. Elimination of patterns or meaning from input (exposure to different environments)
3. Restrictive environment (bed rest, produces boredom/monotony )
RAS reticular activating system - ANSWER>>in the brain stem mediates all sensory stimuli
1. PresbyOpia
2. PresbycUsis
3. Xerostomia
4. Peripheral Neuropathy
5. Tinnitus - ANSWER>>1. Gradual decline in vision ability to focus on close objects. (O - Ocular)
2. Common progressive hearing disorder.
(U - Med Abbr for EAR)
Answers
Pointers for the Fundamental Exam #2: - ANSWER>>This exam will cover Sensory, Hygiene, Pain
Management, Safety, Legal, and Ethics.
This Exam will cover Pain Management, PCA, types of pain, Nonpharmacological pain management,
Acute versus Chronic Pain Management, Pain Assessment, Adjuvant and Co-Analgesic Pain
Management, Antidote MS, (8- 12 questions) >
PCA pump - ANSWER>>patient controlled analgesic administered intravenously with a machine
Types of Pain:
1. Acute/transient pain:
2. Chronic/persistent noncancer:
3. Chronic episodic:
4. Cancer:
5. Idiopathic: - ANSWER>>1. Protective, identifiable, short duration; limited emotional response
2. Is not protective, has no purpose, may or may not have an identifiable cause.
3. Occurs sporadically over an extended duration.
4. Can be acute or chronic
5. Chronic pain without identifiable physical or psychological cause
1. Nociception
2. There are four physiological processes of nociception: - ANSWER>>1. is defined as an observable
activity in the nervous system in response to an adequate stimulus (third-person perspective) Normal or
nociceptive pain is the protective physiologic series of events that bring awareness of actual or potential
tissue damage.
2. transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation.
1. Transduction
2. Transmission
3. Perception
4. Modulation - ANSWER>>1. is the process whereby an activated nociceptor converts energy produced
by these stimuli (e.g., exposure to pressure or a hot surface) into an action potential. Once transduction
is complete, transmission of the nociceptive impulse begins.
,2. Sending of impulse across a sensory pain nerve fiber (nociceptor)
3. is the point at which a person is aware of nociceptive impulses and perceives pain.
4. Inhibits pain impulse; A protective reflex response occurs with pain reception
Nonpharmacological pain-relief interventions: - ANSWER>>Cognitive and behavioral approach,
Relaxation and guided imagery, Distraction, Music, Cutaneous stimulation, Cold and heat application,
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS), Herbals, Reducing pain perception and reception.
Pain Assessment
1. PQRST
2. ABCDE
3. OLDCART - ANSWER>>1. Palliative, Quality, Relief/Region, Severity, Timing, U-effect of pain on you/pt
2. Approach to pain- ABCDE: Ask, Believe, Choose, Deliver, Empower
3. Onset, Location, Duration, Characteristics, Aggravating factors, Relieving factors, and Treatment. It is
assessing the physiological components of the pain.
1. Concomitant
2. Adjuvant and Co-Analgesics
3. Multimodal Analgesia - ANSWER>>1. symptoms that occur w/ pain: nausea, headache, dizziness, urge
to urinate, constipation, depression, and restlessness.
2. Adjuvants: Co-analgesics; advance analgesic effects.
3. Combines drugs with at least 2 different mechanisms of action to optimize pain control.
Antidote MS - ANSWER>>Naloxone
Narcan (trade name)
Safety in patient care, NPSG, Standard precautions, Morse Fall Risk Tool (know the names of the
different assessment tools), Body Mechanics, Restraints, Fire Safety, Patient safe handling, Greatest
Indicator of Fall Risk, Protocol what to do when the patient Falls. Remember that the RN is ultimately
the person who is responsible for the patient care outcomes and providing the safe environment for the
patient. The document "To Err is Human" it was created by which organization and what was the
purpose of writing this? ( 8 - 15 questions) - ANSWER>>
NPSG National Patient Safety Goals - ANSWER>>Identify patients correctly
Improve staff communication
Use medicines safely
Use alarms safely
Prevent infection
Identify patient safety risks
,Prevent mistakes in surgery
Standard Precautions - ANSWER>>CDC precautions used in the care of all patients regardless of their
diagnosis or possible infection status; this category combines universal and body substance precautions
"Know the names of the different assessment tools"
Morse Fall Risk Tool - ANSWER>>1. History of falling
2. Secondary diagnosis
3. Ambulatory aid
4. Intravenous therapy/heparin lock
5. Gait
6. Mental status
FALL Prevention Skill page: Review record for injury from fall risk. ABCS - ANSWER>>Age over 85;
Bone disorders;
Coagulation disorders;
Surgery
1. ("BMAT") Banner Mobility Assessment Tool:
2. ("TUG") Timed get Up and Go:
3. Assess Previous Falls Using Mnemonic: SPLATT - ANSWER>>1. assesses for functional tasks to identify
level of mobility patient can achieve an amount of assistance needed.
2. measures balance, sit to stand and walking ability.
3. Symptoms prior to fall; Previous falls; Location during fall; Activity at time of fall; Time of fall; Trauma
after fall.
Body Mechanics Principles - ANSWER>>stand as close to object to be moved as possible, avoid
stretching, reaching, and twisting, make use of bed elevation, lift using gluteal and leg muscles(not
back), hold objects close to your center of gravity.
Fire Safety: RACE
Fire Safety: PASS - ANSWER>>R-rescue: protect/evacuate clients in danger
A-alarm: activate alarm/report the fire
C-contain: close doors/windows
E-Extinguish: use the correct extinguisher to eliminate the fire
, Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep
"To Err is Human" it was created by - ANSWER>>Institute of medicine
All aspects of Sensory Perception; Peripheral Neuropathy (PN), Cranial nerve assessments, types of
aphasia (sensory or receptive and motor or expressive), Neuro assessment PERRLA, visual acuity,
stereoscopic, presbyopia, tinnitus, different lobe functions and cerebellum, Review CN you check when
assessing your patient eyes, mouth, taste, swallowing, and balance. The different lobes of the brain each
has its own functioning be familiar with this (This is really basic A&P). Presbyopia assessment and
assessment with Snellen chart. Indication for your patient with Vestibular problems. (10-12 questions) -
ANSWER>>
Senses: - ANSWER>>• Sight/visual
• Hearing/auditory
• Touch/tactile
• Smell/olfactory
• Taste/gustatory
• Position and motion/kinesthetic
1. Sensory Deficit
2. Sensory Deprivation
3. Sensory Overload - ANSWER>>1. Deficit in the normal function of sensory reception and perception
2. Inadequate quality or quantity of stimulation
3. Reception of multiple sensory stimuli (easy to confuse w/ mood swings or disorientation)
3 types of sensory deprivation: - ANSWER>>1. Reduced sensory input (visual or hearing loss occurs);
2. Elimination of patterns or meaning from input (exposure to different environments)
3. Restrictive environment (bed rest, produces boredom/monotony )
RAS reticular activating system - ANSWER>>in the brain stem mediates all sensory stimuli
1. PresbyOpia
2. PresbycUsis
3. Xerostomia
4. Peripheral Neuropathy
5. Tinnitus - ANSWER>>1. Gradual decline in vision ability to focus on close objects. (O - Ocular)
2. Common progressive hearing disorder.
(U - Med Abbr for EAR)
