TCDHA MICROBIOLOGY EXAMINATION
TEST 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
●● Newborn inoculation with normal biota.
Answer: Through vaginal birth and breastfeeding, acquiring beneficial
microbes from the mother.
●● Five stages of infection.
Answer: Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence.
●● Difference between signs and symptoms.
Answer: Signs are objective (e.g., fever); symptoms are subjective (e.g.,
pain).
●● Vector transmission.
Answer: Pathogens transferred via living organisms like mosquitoes or
ticks.
●● Koch's postulates.
Answer: To establish a causal link between a microbe and a disease.
, ●● Morbidity and mortality.
Answer: Morbidity = illness; mortality = death.
●● Difference between incidence and prevalence.
Answer: Incidence = new cases; prevalence = total existing cases.
●● Opportunistic pathogens.
Answer: Microbes that cause disease in immunocompromised
individuals.
●● Four most prevalent healthcare-associated infection sites.
Answer: (Commonly: urinary tract, surgical sites, respiratory tract,
bloodstream)
●● Organisms antibiotics are derived from.
Answer: (Commonly: bacteria like Streptomyces and fungi like
Penicillium)
●● How sulfonamides work.
Answer: By inhibiting folate synthesis in bacteria.
●● How -cillin antibiotics work.
Answer: By disrupting bacterial cell wall synthesis.
TEST 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
●● Newborn inoculation with normal biota.
Answer: Through vaginal birth and breastfeeding, acquiring beneficial
microbes from the mother.
●● Five stages of infection.
Answer: Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence.
●● Difference between signs and symptoms.
Answer: Signs are objective (e.g., fever); symptoms are subjective (e.g.,
pain).
●● Vector transmission.
Answer: Pathogens transferred via living organisms like mosquitoes or
ticks.
●● Koch's postulates.
Answer: To establish a causal link between a microbe and a disease.
, ●● Morbidity and mortality.
Answer: Morbidity = illness; mortality = death.
●● Difference between incidence and prevalence.
Answer: Incidence = new cases; prevalence = total existing cases.
●● Opportunistic pathogens.
Answer: Microbes that cause disease in immunocompromised
individuals.
●● Four most prevalent healthcare-associated infection sites.
Answer: (Commonly: urinary tract, surgical sites, respiratory tract,
bloodstream)
●● Organisms antibiotics are derived from.
Answer: (Commonly: bacteria like Streptomyces and fungi like
Penicillium)
●● How sulfonamides work.
Answer: By inhibiting folate synthesis in bacteria.
●● How -cillin antibiotics work.
Answer: By disrupting bacterial cell wall synthesis.
