NP 235 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPR QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔When your kidneys are damaged, the body cannot
remove phosphate from the blood quickly enough
Causes:
Renal Insufficiency
low parathyroid hormone levels (hypoparathyroidism)
damage to cells
high vitamin D levels
diabetic ketoacidosis — high levels of acids called ketones in the blood of people with
diabetes
injuries — including those that cause muscle damage
serious body-wide infections
✔✔Hyperphosphatemia s/s - ✔✔Nausea
Anorexia
Vomiting
Muscle cramps
Bone and joint pain
Weak bones
Rashes
Itchy skin
Numbness and tingling around the mouth
✔✔Normal urine - ✔✔clear, straw to dark amber in color,
has a pH of 4.5-6.0,
has a specific gravity of 1.010-1.030,
and is negative for protein, glucose, ketones, and bilirubin.
It should have only a rare RBC, no more than 0-4 WBCs, and an occasional cast.
✔✔urine volume per day - ✔✔The normal range for 24-hour urine volume is 800 to
2,000 milliliters per day (with a normal fluid intake of about 2 liters per day).
✔✔Microscopic Exam of urine - ✔✔White blood cells (leukocytes) may be a sign of an
infection.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) may be a sign of kidney disease, a blood disorder or
another underlying medical condition, such as bladder cancer.
Bacteria or yeasts may indicate an infection.
Casts — tube-shaped proteins — may form as a result of kidney disorders.
Crystals that form from chemicals in urine may be a sign of kidney stones.
, ✔✔Glomerular Filtration Rate - ✔✔a measure of how well the kidneys are cleaning the
blood -- taking out waste and extra water. An estimated GFR test (eGFR) can tell how
much of a certain waste product called creatinine is in the blood.
✔✔Uric Acid - ✔✔a chemical that's produced when the body breaks down purines.
Purines are compounds that enter the bloodstream during the natural breakdown of
cells in the body.
✔✔Hyperglycemia levels - ✔✔Above 140
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔a glucose level is considered to be too low when it dips under 70
mg/dL.
✔✔Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) - ✔✔a waste product that's created in the liver when the
body breaks down proteins. Normally, the kidneys filter out this waste and urinating
removes it from the body.
✔✔Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) level - ✔✔7-20 mg/dL (depending on sex and age).
✔✔High BUN levels - ✔✔indicate poor kidney function, dehydration, or increased
breakdown of body protein (i.e., severe burns or excessive exercise).
✔✔Lower BUN levels - ✔✔found in severe liver damage, excessive hydration, and
protein deficiency.
✔✔Serum Creatinine - ✔✔A chemical waste product that's produced by the muscle
metabolism and to a smaller extent by eating meat.
provides an estimate of how well the kidneys filter (glomerular filtration rate). A
creatinine urine test can measure creatinine in the urine.
✔✔Serum Creatinine normal level - ✔✔0.8-1.2 mg/dL (depending on gender).
✔✔Albumin - ✔✔A protein made by the liver.
it helps keep fluid in the bloodstream, so it doesn't leak into other tissues. It is also
carries various substances throughout the body, including hormones, vitamins,
enzymes and gives the body the proteins it needs to keep growing and repairing tissue.
✔✔Albumin normal range - ✔✔3.3-5.2 g/dL
✔✔Hypoalbuminemia - ✔✔caused by various conditions, including nephrotic syndrome,
hepatic cirrhosis, heart failure, and malnutrition; however, most cases of this are caused
by acute and chronic inflammatory responses.
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔When your kidneys are damaged, the body cannot
remove phosphate from the blood quickly enough
Causes:
Renal Insufficiency
low parathyroid hormone levels (hypoparathyroidism)
damage to cells
high vitamin D levels
diabetic ketoacidosis — high levels of acids called ketones in the blood of people with
diabetes
injuries — including those that cause muscle damage
serious body-wide infections
✔✔Hyperphosphatemia s/s - ✔✔Nausea
Anorexia
Vomiting
Muscle cramps
Bone and joint pain
Weak bones
Rashes
Itchy skin
Numbness and tingling around the mouth
✔✔Normal urine - ✔✔clear, straw to dark amber in color,
has a pH of 4.5-6.0,
has a specific gravity of 1.010-1.030,
and is negative for protein, glucose, ketones, and bilirubin.
It should have only a rare RBC, no more than 0-4 WBCs, and an occasional cast.
✔✔urine volume per day - ✔✔The normal range for 24-hour urine volume is 800 to
2,000 milliliters per day (with a normal fluid intake of about 2 liters per day).
✔✔Microscopic Exam of urine - ✔✔White blood cells (leukocytes) may be a sign of an
infection.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) may be a sign of kidney disease, a blood disorder or
another underlying medical condition, such as bladder cancer.
Bacteria or yeasts may indicate an infection.
Casts — tube-shaped proteins — may form as a result of kidney disorders.
Crystals that form from chemicals in urine may be a sign of kidney stones.
, ✔✔Glomerular Filtration Rate - ✔✔a measure of how well the kidneys are cleaning the
blood -- taking out waste and extra water. An estimated GFR test (eGFR) can tell how
much of a certain waste product called creatinine is in the blood.
✔✔Uric Acid - ✔✔a chemical that's produced when the body breaks down purines.
Purines are compounds that enter the bloodstream during the natural breakdown of
cells in the body.
✔✔Hyperglycemia levels - ✔✔Above 140
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔a glucose level is considered to be too low when it dips under 70
mg/dL.
✔✔Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) - ✔✔a waste product that's created in the liver when the
body breaks down proteins. Normally, the kidneys filter out this waste and urinating
removes it from the body.
✔✔Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) level - ✔✔7-20 mg/dL (depending on sex and age).
✔✔High BUN levels - ✔✔indicate poor kidney function, dehydration, or increased
breakdown of body protein (i.e., severe burns or excessive exercise).
✔✔Lower BUN levels - ✔✔found in severe liver damage, excessive hydration, and
protein deficiency.
✔✔Serum Creatinine - ✔✔A chemical waste product that's produced by the muscle
metabolism and to a smaller extent by eating meat.
provides an estimate of how well the kidneys filter (glomerular filtration rate). A
creatinine urine test can measure creatinine in the urine.
✔✔Serum Creatinine normal level - ✔✔0.8-1.2 mg/dL (depending on gender).
✔✔Albumin - ✔✔A protein made by the liver.
it helps keep fluid in the bloodstream, so it doesn't leak into other tissues. It is also
carries various substances throughout the body, including hormones, vitamins,
enzymes and gives the body the proteins it needs to keep growing and repairing tissue.
✔✔Albumin normal range - ✔✔3.3-5.2 g/dL
✔✔Hypoalbuminemia - ✔✔caused by various conditions, including nephrotic syndrome,
hepatic cirrhosis, heart failure, and malnutrition; however, most cases of this are caused
by acute and chronic inflammatory responses.
